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חוּמָּשׁ עִם רַשִׁ״י · PARSHAS HASHAVUAחוּמָּשׁ עִם רַשִׁ״י · PARSHAS HASHAVUA

חוּמָּשׁ עִם רַשִׁ״י · שופטים · שֵׁנִי

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Shoftim · 2nd Aliyah
Chapter Previewהַקְדָּמָה

In this aliyah, the Torah introduces the mitzvos and halachos that govern the appointment and conduct of a Jewish king. Once Klal Yisrael enters the land, conquers it, and settles it, they are commanded to appoint a king over themselves. The Torah sets clear boundaries for who may hold this position, emphasizing that the king must be chosen by Hashem and must be a brother from among the Jewish people, strictly forbidding the appointment of a foreigner.

Furthermore, the Torah places unique restrictions on the king to ensure he remains focused on his avodas Hashem and does not become haughty. He is warned against amassing too many horses, which could lead the people back to Mitzrayim, taking too many wives who might turn his heart away, and accumulating excessive gold and silver.

All introductions, summaries, and contextual notes are the editor's commentary and are not part of the original text.אַלע הַקְדָּמוֹת, סִכּוּמִים, און הערות זענען דעם רעדאַקטאָר'ס באַמערקונגען און זענען נישט קיין טייל פונעם אָריגינעלן טעקסט.
פָּסוּק א
Pasuk 1
כִּיWhenתָבֹאyou comeאֶלtoהָאָרֶץthe landאֲשֶׁרthatיְהוָהHashemאֱלֹהֶיךָyour Godנֹתֵןgivesלָךְto youוִירִשְׁתָּהּand you possess itוְיָשַׁבְתָּהand you dwellבָּהּin itוְאָמַרְתָּand you sayאָשִׂימָהI will setעָלַיover meמֶלֶךְa kingכְּכָלlike allהַגּוֹיִםthe nationsאֲשֶׁרthatסְבִיבֹתָי׃are around me
פָּסוּק ב
Pasuk 2
שׂוֹםappointingתָּשִׂיםyou shall appointעָלֶיךָover yourselfמֶלֶךְa kingאֲשֶׁרwhomיִבְחַרshall chooseיְהוָהHashemאֱלֹהֶיךָyour Godבּוֹhimמִקֶּרֶבfrom amongאַחֶיךָyour brothersתָּשִׂיםyou shall appointעָלֶיךָover yourselfמֶלֶךְa kingלֹאnotתוּכַלwill you be ableלָתֵתto placeעָלֶיךָover yourselfאִישׁa manנָכְרִיforeignאֲשֶׁרwhoלֹאis notאָחִיךָyour brotherהוּא׃he
פָּסוּק ג
Pasuk 3
רַקOnlyלֹאhe shall notיַרְבֶּהmultiplyלּוֹfor himselfסוּסִיםhorsesוְלֹאand he shall notיָשִׁיבreturnאֶתהָעָםthe peopleמִצְרַיְמָהto Mitzrayimלְמַעַןin orderהַרְבּוֹתto multiplyסוּסhorsesוַיהוָהand Hashemאָמַרsaidלָכֶםto youלֹאyou shall notתֹסִפוּןcontinueלָשׁוּבto returnבַּדֶּרֶךְon the wayהַזֶּהthisעוֹד׃again
רַשִׁ״י
לאNotירבהshall he multiplyלוto himselfסוסים.horsesאֶלָּאexceptכְּדֵיenough forמֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ,his carriageשֶׁלֹּאso that notישיבhe will returnאתהעםthe peopleמצרימהto Mitzrayim,שֶׁהַסּוּסִיםfor the horsesבָּאִיםcomeמִשָּׁם,from thereכְּמָהasשֶׁנֶּאֱמַרthat it is saidבִּשְׁלֹמֹהconcerning ShlomoמלכיםMelachimאIי'10וַתַּעֲלֶהAnd came upוַתֵּצֵאand went outמֶרְכָּבָהa chariotמִמִּצְרַיִםfrom Mitzrayimבְּשֵׁשׁfor sixמֵאוֹתhundredכֶּסֶףsilverוְסוּסand a horseבַּחֲמִשִּׁיםfor fiftyוּמֵאָהand a hundredסנהדריןSanhedrinכ"א21b:
פָּסוּק ד
Pasuk 4
וְלֹאand notיַרְבֶּהshall he multiplyלּוֹfor himselfנָשִׁיםwivesוְלֹאso that notיָסוּרwill turn awayלְבָבוֹhis heartוְכֶסֶףand silverוְזָהָבand goldלֹאnotיַרְבֶּהshall he multiplyלּוֹfor himselfמְאֹד׃excessively
רַשִׁ״י
ולאAnd notירבהshall he multiplyלוto himselfנשים.wivesאֶלָּאexceptי"ח,eighteenשֶׁמָּצִינוּfor we findשֶׁהָיוּthat there wereלוֹto himלְדָוִדto Dovidשֵׁשׁsixנָשִׁים,wivesוְנֶאֱמַרand it was saidלוֹto himשמואלShmuelבIIי״ב:ח׳twelve"וְאִםeightמְעָטand ifוְאֹסִפָהtoo littleלְּךָthen I would addכָּהֵנָּהto youוְכָהֵנָּה":like these
רַשִׁ״י
וכסףAnd silverוזהבand goldלאnotירבהshall he multiplyלוto himselfמאד.greatlyאֶלָּאbutכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto giveלְאַכְסַנְיָאfor soldiers' payספרי;SifreiסנהדריןSanhedrinכ"א21a:
פָּסוּק ה
Pasuk 5
וְהָיָהAnd it shall beכְשִׁבְתּוֹwhen he sitsעַלuponכִּסֵּאthe throne ofמַמְלַכְתּוֹhis kingdomוְכָתַבthat he shall writeלוֹfor himselfאֶתמִשְׁנֵהa copy ofהַתּוֹרָהthe Torahהַזֹּאתthisעַלuponסֵפֶרa scrollמִלִּפְנֵיfrom beforeהַכֹּהֲנִיםthe Kohanimהַלְוִיִּם׃the Levi'im
רַשִׁ״י
והיהAnd it shall beכשבתו.when he sittethאִםifעָשָׂהhe actsכֵןthusכְּדַאיworthyהוּאhe isשֶׁתִּתְקַיֵּםthat should endureמַלְכוּתוֹhis kingdomספריSifrei:
רַשִׁ״י
אתמשנהa doubleהתורה.of the Torahשְׁתֵּיtwoסִפְרֵיscrolls ofתוֹרָה,Torahאַחַתoneשֶׁהִיאwhich isמֻנַּחַתplacedבְּבֵיתin the house ofגְּנָזָיו,his treasuriesוְאַחַתand oneשֶׁנִּכְנֶסֶתthat entersוְיוֹצֵאתand goes outעִמּוֹwith himסנהדריןSanhedrinכ"א21;וְאֻנְקְלוֹסand Onkelosתִּרְגֵּםtranslated"פַּתְשֶׁגֶן",a copyפָּתַרhe explainedמשנהmishnehלְשׁוֹןan expression ofשִׁנּוּןrepeatingוְדִבּוּר:and speaking
פָּסוּק ו
Pasuk 6
וְהָיְתָהand it shall beעִמּוֹwith himוְקָרָאand he shall readבוֹin itכָּלallיְמֵיthe days ofחַיָּיוhis lifeלְמַעַןso thatיִלְמַדhe will learnלְיִרְאָהto fearאֶתיְהוָהHashemאֱלֹהָיוhis Godלִשְׁמֹרto keepאֶתכָּלallדִּבְרֵיthe words ofהַתּוֹרָהthe Torahהַזֹּאתthisוְאֶתand —הַחֻקִּיםthe statutesהָאֵלֶּהtheseלַעֲשֹׂתָם׃to perform them
רַשִׁ״י
דבריthe words ofהתורה.the Torahכְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ:according to its literal meaning
פָּסוּק ז
Pasuk 7
לְבִלְתִּיso as notרוּםto be haughtyלְבָבוֹhis heartמֵאֶחָיוabove his brothersוּלְבִלְתִּיand so as notסוּרto turn asideמִןfromהַמִּצְוָהthe commandmentיָמִיןrightוּשְׂמֹאולor leftלְמַעַןso thatיַאֲרִיךְhe may prolongיָמִיםdaysעַלoverמַמְלַכְתּוֹhis kingdomהוּאheוּבָנָיוand his sonsבְּקֶרֶבin the midst ofיִשְׂרָאֵל׃Yisrael
רַשִׁ״י
ולבלתיand so as notסורto departמןfromהמצוה.the commandmentאֲפִלּוּevenמִצְוָהa commandmentקַלָּהlightשֶׁלofנָבִיא:a prophet
רַשִׁ״י
למעןso thatיאריךhe may prolongימים.daysמִכְּלַלfrom the implicationהֵןof yesאַתָּהyouשׁוֹמֵעַhearלָאו;noוְכֵןand soמָצִינוּwe findבְשָׁאוּלwith Shaulשֶׁאָמַרthat saidלוֹto himשְׁמוּאֵלShmuelשמואלShmuelאIי'10"שִׁבְעַתsevenיָמִיםdaysתּוֹחֵלyou shall waitעַדuntilבּוֹאִיmy comingאֵלֶיךָ",to youלְהַעֲלוֹתto offerעוֹלוֹת,burnt offeringsוּכְתִיבand it is writtenשםthereי"ג13"וַיּוֹחֶלand he waitedשִׁבְעַתsevenיָמִים",daysוְלֹאand he did notשָׁמַרkeepהַבְטָחָתוֹhis promiseלִשְׁמֹרto waitכָּלall ofהַיּוֹם,the dayוְלֹאand he did notהִסְפִּיקmanageלְהַעֲלוֹתto offerהָעוֹלָהthe burnt offeringעַדbeforeשֶׁבָּאthat cameשְׁמוּאֵלShmuelוְאָמַרand saidלוֹto him"נִסְכָּלְתָּyou acted foolishlyלֹאnotשָׁמַרְתָּdid you keepוְגוֹ'etc.וְעַתָּהand nowמַמְלַכְתְּךָyour kingdomלֹאshall notתָקוּם",endureהָאbeholdלָמַדְתָּyou have learnedשֶׁבִּשְׁבִילthat because ofמִצְוָהa commandmentקַלָּהminorשֶׁלofנָבִיאa prophetנֶעֱנַשׁ:he was punished
רַשִׁ״י
הואHeובניו.and his childrenמַגִּידthis tellsשֶׁאִםthat ifבְּנוֹhis sonהָגוּןis worthyלְמַלְכוּתfor kingshipהוּאheקוֹדֵםtakes precedenceלְכָלbefore anyאָדָםmanהוריותHorayotי"א11a:
Chapter Summaryסִכּוּם

The aliyah outlines the specific requirements for a king's daily conduct, most notably the obligation to write a Mishneh Torah—a second Sefer Torah—which must remain with him and be read all the days of his life. This constant learning is meant to instill in him a deep yiras Shamayim, ensuring he keeps all the mitzvos and does not lift his heart above his brothers. By remaining humble and loyal to Hashem's Torah, the king is promised that he and his children will merit to prolong their reign in the midst of Klal Yisrael.

לְמַעֲשֶׂהWhat To Take Home

The Torah is coming to be mechadesh a beautiful yesod here regarding the mitzvah of a king. Lichoira, a king is the most powerful person in the nation, with the ability to amass wealth, horses, and honor. Yet, the Torah commands that he must write a Sefer Torah that stays with him constantly, "and let him read in it all his life." Why? The pasuk tells us the direct outcome: "so that he will not act haughtily toward his fellows." The very tool of his leadership, the source of his guidance, is what keeps him humble and connected to every single Yid.

We see from here a powerful mahalach for our own lives. Sometimes, Hashem blesses a person with success, influence, or a position of leadership in the community, in the yeshiva, or in business. The yetzer hara immediately whispers that we are above others, leading to a coldness or a feeling of superiority. The Torah's eitzah for the king is the eitzah for us: the only way to stay grounded when you are elevated is to keep the Torah right next to you, realizing that we are all equal servants before Hashem.

When we anchor ourselves in daily learning, it acts as a mirror, reminding us of our true place. It prevents us from looking down on another Yid, no matter how much success Hashem has granted us. True greatness in Yiddishkeit is measured by how much the Torah humbles you, not how much it puffs you up.

Today, when you sit down to learn or when you experience a moment of success, consciously use that moment to lift up someone else. Speak to a friend or a coworker with extra warmth and respect, showing that your connection to Torah only makes you feel closer to every single one of your brothers.

חוּמָּשׁ עִם רַשִׁ״י — שופטים · שֵׁנִי