Chapter Previewהַקְדָּמָה
In this chapter, we learn the halachos of how a person must conduct himself when dealing with different domains on Shabbos, specifically when his body is in one domain but his actions or limbs reach into another. Hashem's holy Torah distinguishes between domains, and our Sages, in their immense wisdom, set up safeguards to ensure we do not chas v'shalom come to carry from one domain to another. We will look at the guidelines for moving articles within a domain while standing outside of it, as well as the halachos of opening doors with keys across domain boundaries.
We will also learn the practical halachos of feeding animals and drinking water when the body and the food or drink are in different domains. The Sages instituted specific decrees, such as requiring a person to bring the majority of his body into a domain before drinking, to prevent him from mistakenly bringing his attractive vessels back into his own domain. We will also touch upon the halachos of collecting flowing rainwater from drainpipes and using projections that extend from walls near windows.
All introductions, summaries, and contextual notes are the editor's commentary and are not part of the original text.אַלע הַקְדָּמוֹת, סִכּוּמִים, און הערות זענען דעם רעדאַקטאָר'ס באַמערקונגען און זענען נישט קיין טייל פונעם אָריגינעלן טעקסט.
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טִלְטוּל וּפְתִיחָה מֵרָשׁוּת לְרָשׁוּת וְהַאֲבָסַת בְּהֵמָהHalacha 1 · Moving Objects and Opening Doors Between Domains and Feeding Animals on Shabbos
עוֹמֵדStandsאָדָםa personבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicוּמְטַלְטֵלand movesבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהַיָּחִידof the individualכֻּלָּהּ.all of itוְעוֹמֵדand standsבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהַיָּחִידof the individualוּמִטַּלְטֵלand movesבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicוּבִלְבַדand onlyשֶׁלֹּאthat notיוֹצִיאhe shall take outחוּץoutsideלְאַרְבָּעָהof fourאַמּוֹת.cubitsוְאִםand ifהוֹצִיאhe took outפָּטוּרhe is exemptמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat heבִּרְשׁוּתis in a domainאַחֶרֶת.otherוְכֵןand soעוֹמֵדstandsאָדָםa personבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהַיָּחִידof the individualוּפוֹתֵחַand opensבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּים,of the publicבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicוּפוֹתֵחַand opensבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהַיָּחִיד.of the individualבְּהֵמָהAn animalשֶׁהָיְתָהthat wasרֻבָּהּmost of itבַּחוּץoutsideוְרֹאשָׁהּand its headבִּפְנִיםinsideאוֹבְסִיןwe may force-feedאוֹתָהּ.itוּבְגָמָלbut with a camelעַדuntilשֶׁיְּהֵאthat there shall beרֹאשׁוֹits headוְרֻבּוֹand most of itבִּפְנִיםinsideהוֹאִילsinceוְצַוָּארוֹits neckאָרֹךְ:is long
This halacha discusses the laws of moving objects within one domain while standing in another, opening locks across domains, and the conditions for feeding animals whose bodies are in a different domain.
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אִסּוּר שְׁתִיָּה בִּרְשׁוּת אַחֶרֶת מִפְּנֵי חֲשָׁשׁ הוֹצָאָהHalacha 2 · The Prohibition of Drinking from Another Domain Lest One Carry the Vessels
לֹאnotיַעֲמֹדshall standאָדָםa personבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהַיָּחִידthe individualוְיִשְׁתֶּהand drinkבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהָרַבִּים.the manyבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe manyוְיִשְׁתֶּהand drinkבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהַיָּחִיד.the individualאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·הִכְנִיסhe brought inרֹאשׁוֹhis headוְרֻבּוֹand the majority of himלְמָקוֹםto the placeשֶׁהוּאthat heשׁוֹתֶה.is drinkingבַּמֶּהin whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidכְּשֶׁהָיָהwhen he wasשׁוֹתֶהdrinkingבְּכֵלִיםwith vesselsנָאִיםbeautifulשֶׁהוּאthat heצָרִיךְneedsלָהֶן.themגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיוֹצִיאֵם.he will bring them outאֲבָלbutאִםifהָיוּthey wereכֵּלִיםvesselsשֶׁאֵינָןthat are notנָאִיםbeautifulשֶׁאֵינוֹthat he does notצָרִיךְneedלָהֶן.themאוֹorשֶׁהָיָהthat wasהַבּוֹרthe cisternבְּכַרְמְלִיתin a carmelitאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהַכֵּלִיםthat the vesselsנָאִים.are beautifulמַכְנִיסhe brings inרֹאשׁוֹhis headבִּלְבַדaloneוְשׁוֹתֶהand drinksבִּמְקוֹמוֹin his placeוְאַףand evenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁלֹּאthat notהִכְנִיסhe brought inרֹאשׁוֹhis headוְרֻבּוֹ:and the majority of him
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic decree preventing a person from standing in one domain and drinking from another, due to the concern that they might carry the drinking vessels across domains.
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דִּינֵי קְלִיטַת מַיִם מִן הַצִּנּוֹר בְּרָשׁוּת הָרַבִּיםHalacha 3 · Laws of Catching Water Flowing from a Pipe into a Public Domain
עוֹמֵדstandsאָדָםa personבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicוְקוֹלֵטand catchesמִןfromהָאֲוִירthe airמִןfromהַמַּיִםthe waterהַמְקַלְּחִיןthat flowsמִןfromהַצִּנּוֹרthe pipeאוֹorמִןfromהַכֹּתֶלthe wallוְשׁוֹתֶה.and drinksוּבִלְבַדprovidedשֶׁלֹּאthat notיִגַּעhe touchesבַּצִּנּוֹרthe pipeאוֹorבַּכֹּתֶלthe wallוְיִקְלֹטand catchesמֵעַלfrom uponגַּבָּן.their backוְאִםand ifנָגַעhe touchedאִםifהָיָהwasמָקוֹםthe placeשֶׁנָּגַעthat he touchedבּוֹitלְמַעְלָהaboveמֵעֲשָׂרָהtenבְּפָחוֹתwithin lessמִשְּׁלֹשָׁהthan threeסָמוּךְcloseלַגַּגto the roofהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisאָסוּר.is forbiddenשֶׁנִּמְצָאfor he is foundכְּעוֹקֵרlike one who removesמֵעַלfrom uponהַגַּגthe roofשֶׁהוּאwhich isרְשׁוּתa domainהַיָּחִיד.of the individualוְכֵןand likewiseאִםifהָיָהthere wasבַּצִּנּוֹרin the pipeאַרְבָּעָהfourעַלbyאַרְבָּעָהfourבֵּיןwhetherשֶׁהָיָהthat wasהַצִּנּוֹרthe pipeבְּתוֹךְwithinעֲשָׂרָהtenבֵּיןor whetherשֶׁהָיָהthat it wasלְמַעְלָהaboveמֵעֲשָׂרָהtenוְקָלַטand he caughtמִמֶּנּוּfrom itמַיִםwaterהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisאָסוּר.is forbiddenוְלָמָּהand whyאֵינוֹis he notחַיָּבliableמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁלֹּאnotנָחוּrestedהַמַּיִםthe waterאֶלָּאbutהֲרֵיbeholdהֵןtheyנִזְחָלִיןare flowingוְהוֹלְכִין:and going
This halacha discusses the permissibility of catching flowing water in the air of a public domain and the prohibitions that apply if one touches the pipe or wall.
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הַשִּׁמּוּשׁ בְּזִיז וּבְכֹתֶל הַסָּמוּךְ לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּיםHalacha 4 · Using a Projection and Wall Adjacent to the Public Domain
זִיזA projectionשֶׁלִּפְנֵיthat is beforeהַחַלּוֹןthe windowיוֹצֵאprotrudingבָּאֲוִירinto the airspaceשֶׁעַלthat is overרְשׁוּתthe domainהָרַבִּים.of the publicאִםifהָיָהit wasלְמַעְלָהaboveמֵעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsמֻתָּרit is permittedלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto useעָלָיוitשֶׁאֵיןfor notרְשׁוּתthe domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicתוֹפֶסֶתextendsאֶלָּאexceptעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִים.handbreadthsלְפִיכָךְthereforeמֻתָּרit is permittedלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto useבְּכָלall ofהַכֹּתֶלthe wallעַדuntilעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים:the bottom
This halacha explains that the public domain only extends ten handbreadths high, allowing the use of projections and walls above that height on Shabbos.
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דִּין שְׁנֵי זִיזִין הַיּוֹצְאִים מִן הַכֹּתֶל בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 5 · The Law of Two Projections Extending from a Wall on Shabbos
בַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidכְּשֶׁהָיָהwhen there wasזִיזa projectionאֶחָדoneיוֹצֵאextendingבָּאֲוִיר.into the airאֲבָלbutאִםifהָיוּthere wereיוֹצְאִיםextendingבַּכֹּתֶלfrom the wallשְׁנֵיtwoזִיזִיןprojectionsזֶהthisלְמַטָּהbelowמִזֶּהthisאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶםthat both of themלְמַעְלָהare aboveמֵעֲשָׂרָה.tenאִםifיֵשׁthere isבַּזִּיזin the projectionהָעֶלְיוֹןthe upperשֶׁלִּפְנֵיwhich is beforeהַחַלּוֹןthe windowרֹחַבa width ofאַרְבָּעָהfourעַלbyאַרְבָּעָהfourאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto useעָלָיו.itמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat it isרְשׁוּתa domainבִּפְנֵיbyעַצְמוֹitselfוְהַזִּיזand the projectionשֶׁתַּחְתָּיוthat is below itרְשׁוּתis a domainאַחֶרֶת.anotherוְאָסְרוּand they forbidזֶהthisעַלuponזֶה.thisשֶׁאֵיןfor notשְׁתֵּיtwoרְשׁוּיוֹתdomainsמִשְׁתַּמְּשׁוֹתcan useבִּרְשׁוּתdomainאַחַת:one
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic prohibition of using two projections on a wall that are one above the other, as they constitute separate domains.
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הִשְׁתַּמְּשׁוּת בְּזִיזֵי הַכֹּתֶל בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 6 · Using Projections on a Wall on Shabbos
אֵיןThere is notבָּעֶלְיוֹןin the upperאַרְבָּעָהfourוְאֵיןand there is notבַּתַּחְתּוֹןin the lowerאַרְבָּעָה.fourמִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁone may useבִּשְׁנֵיהֶןboth of themוְכֵןand likewiseבְּכָלon all ofהַכֹּתֶלthe wallעַדuntilעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים.the bottomהָיָהIf there wasבַּתַּחְתּוֹןin the lowerאַרְבָּעָהfourוְהָעֶלְיוֹןand the upperאֵיןthere is notבּוֹin itאַרְבָּעָהfourאֵינוֹhe may notמִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁuseבָּעֶלְיוֹןthe upperאֶלָּאexceptכְּנֶגֶדoppositeחַלּוֹנוֹhis windowבִּלְבַד.aloneאֲבָלbutבִּשְׁאָרon the rest ofהַזִּיזthe projectionשֶׁבִּשְׁנֵיwhich is on bothצִדְדֵיsides ofהַחַלּוֹןthe windowאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto useמִפְּנֵיbecause ofזֶהthisשֶׁתַּחְתָּיוwhich is beneath itשֶׁחָלַקwhich dividedרְשׁוּתa domainלְעַצְמוֹ:for itself
This halacha discusses the laws of using upper and lower wall projections on Shabbos based on their dimensions and domains.
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הַשִּׁמּוּשׁ בְּזִיז הַיּוֹצֵא לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 7 · Using a Projection Extending into the Public Domain on Shabbos
כָּלAnyזִיזprojectionהַיּוֹצֵאthat extendsעַלoverאֲוִירthe airspace ofרְשׁוּתthe domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicשֶׁמֻּתָּרwhich is permittedלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto useעָלָיו.upon itכְּשֶׁהוּאwhen heמִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁusesבּוֹitאֵיןwe do notנוֹתְנִיןplaceעָלָיוupon itוְאֵיןand we do notנוֹטְלִיןtakeמִמֶּנּוּfrom itאֶלָּאexceptכְּלֵיvessels ofחֶרֶסearthenwareוּזְכוּכִיתand glassוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶןof themשֶׁאִםfor ifיִפְּלוּthey fallלִרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicיִשָּׁבְרוּ.they will breakאֲבָלbutשְׁאָרotherכֵּלִיםvesselsוָאֳכָלִיןand foodאֲסוּרִיםare forbiddenשֶׁמָּאlestיִפְּלוּthey fallלִרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicוִיבִיאֵם:and he will bring them
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic restriction against placing breakable versus unbreakable items on a projection over the public domain, to prevent carrying.
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זְרִיקָה מֵרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד לִרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד דֶּרֶךְ רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּיםHalacha 8 · Throwing from One Private Domain to Another Across a Public Domain
שְׁנֵיTwoבָּתִּיםhousesבִּשְׁנֵיon twoצִדֵּיsides ofרְשׁוּתthe domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicזָרַקif one threwמִזּוֹfrom this oneלָזוֹto that oneלְמַעְלָהaboveמֵעֲשָׂרָהtenפָּטוּרhe is exemptוְהוּאand this isשֶׁיִּהְיוּthat they must beשְׁנֵיהֶםboth of themשֶׁלּוֹhisאוֹorשֶׁיִּהְיֶהthat there isבֵּינֵיהֶםbetween themעֵרוּב.an eruvוַאֲפִלּוּand evenבְּגָדִיםgarmentsוּכְלֵיand utensils ofמַתָּכוֹתmetalמֻתָּרit is permittedלִזְרֹק.to throwוְאִםand ifהָיָהwasזֶהthis oneלְמַעְלָהhigher thanמִזֶּהthis oneוְלֹאand notהָיָהit wasבְּשָׁוֶהon a levelאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִזְרֹקto throwבֶּגֶדa garmentוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבּוֹof itשֶׁמָּאlestיִפּלit will fallוִיבִיאֶנּוּ.and he will bring itאֲבָלbutכְּלֵיutensils ofחֶרֶסearthenwareוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶןof themזוֹרֵק:one may throw
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic prohibition of transferring objects between two private domains separated by a public domain, and the specific conditions under which throwing is permitted.
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דְּלִיַּת מַיִם מִבּוֹר בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים לְבַיִת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 9 · Drawing Water from a Cistern in the Public Domain to a House on Shabbos
בּוֹרA cisternבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicוְחַלּוֹןand a windowעַלonגַּבָּיוits topהַבּוֹרthe cisternוְחֻלְיָתוֹand its moundמִצְטָרְפִיםcombineלַעֲשָׂרָהto tenוּמְמַלְּאִיןand we may drawמִמֶּנּוּfrom itבְּשַׁבָּת.on ShabbosבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidכְּשֶׁהָיָהwhen it wasסָמוּךְcloseלַכֹּתֶלto the wallבְּתוֹךְwithinאַרְבָּעָהfourטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsשֶׁאֵיןthat notאָדָםa personיָכוֹלis ableלַעֲבֹרto passשָׁם.thereאֲבָלbutאִםifהָיָהit wasמֻפְלָגdistantאֵיןwe do notמְמַלְּאִיןdrawמִמֶּנּוּfrom itאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·הָיְתָהwasחֻלְיָתוֹits moundגְּבוֹהָהhighעֲשָׂרָהtenשֶׁנִּמְצָאso that it is foundהַדְּלִיthe bucketכְּשֶׁיֵּצֵאwhen it exitsמִןfromהַחֻלְיָאthe moundיֵצֵאit exitsלִמְקוֹםto a place ofפְּטוֹר:exempt
This halacha discusses the conditions under which one may draw water from a public cistern into a private home through a window, depending on the height of the cistern's mound and its proximity to the wall.
הל׳ י
שְׁפִיכַת מַיִם עַל גַּבֵּי אַשְׁפָּה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 10 · Pouring Water onto a Garbage Heap in the Public Domain on Shabbos
אַשְׁפָּהA garbage heapבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicגְּבוֹהָהhighעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsוְחַלּוֹןand a windowעַלonגַּבָּהּits topשׁוֹפְכִיןone may pourלָהּto itמַיִםwaterבְּשַׁבָּת.on ShabbosבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבְּאַשְׁפָּהwith a garbage heapשֶׁלofרַבִּיםthe publicשֶׁאֵיןthat notדַּרְכָּהּis its wayלְהִפָּנוֹת.to be clearedאֲבָלbutשֶׁלofיָחִידan individualאֵיןone may notשׁוֹפְכִיןpourעָלֶיהָupon itשֶׁמָּאlestתִּתְפַּנֶּהit will be clearedוְנִמְצְאוּand they will findשׁוֹפְכִיןpouringכְּדַרְכָּןas their wayבִּרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהָרַבִּים:the public
This halacha discusses the permissibility of pouring water from a window onto a high garbage heap in the public domain, distinguishing between public and private heaps.
הל׳ יא
דִּין אַמַּת הַמַּיִם הָעוֹבֶרֶת בֶּחָצֵר בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 11 · Drawing Water on Shabbos from a Water Conduit Passing Through a Courtyard
אַמַּתA conduit ofהַמַּיִםthe waterשֶׁהִיאthatעוֹבֶרֶתpassesבֶּחָצֵרthrough a courtyardאִםifיֵשׁthere isבְּגָבְהָהּin its heightעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsוּבְרָחְבָּהּand in its widthאַרְבָּעָהfourאוֹorיוֹתֵרmoreעַלthanכֵּןsoעַדup toעֶשֶׂרtenאַמּוֹתcubitsאֵיןwe do notמְמַלְּאִיןdraw waterמִמֶּנָּהfrom itבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·עָשׂוּthey madeלָהּfor itמְחִצָּהa partitionגְּבוֹהָהhighעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsבַּכְּנִיסָהat the entranceוּבַיְצִיאָה.and at the exitוְאִםand ifאֵיןthere is notבְּגָבְהָהּin its heightעֲשָׂרָהtenאוֹorשֶׁאֵיןthat there is notבְּרָחְבָּהּin its widthאַרְבָּעָהfourמְמַלְּאִיןwe may draw waterמִמֶּנָּהfrom itבְּלֹאwithoutמְחִצָּה:a partition
This halacha details the dimensions of a water conduit that require a partition to allow drawing water from it on Shabbos.
הל׳ יב
דִּין אַמַּת הַמַּיִם הָעוֹבֶרֶת בֶּחָצֵר וּפִרְצָה הַמַּתֶּרֶתHalacha 12 · Drawing Water from a Wide Conduit and Carrying in the Courtyard
הָיָהIf it wasבְּרָחְבָּהּin its widthיֶתֶרmoreמֵעֶשֶׂרthan tenאַמּוֹתcubitsאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁאֵיןthere is notבְּגָבְהָהּin its heightעֲשָׂרָהtenאֵיןwe do notמְמַלְּאִיןfillמִמֶּנָּהfrom itעַדuntilשֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂהthat he makesלָהּfor itמְחִצָּה.a partitionשֶׁכָּלfor anythingיֶתֶרmoreעַלthanעֶשֶׂרtenפִּרְצָהa breachהִיאit isוּמַפְסֶדֶתand it ruinsהַמְּחִצּוֹת.the partitionsוּמַהוּAnd what is the lawלְטַלְטֵלto carryבְּכָלin all ofהֶחָצֵר.the courtyardאִםIfנִשְׁאַרthere remainedמִצַּדfrom the side ofהַפִּרְצָהthe breachפַּסa stripמִכָּאןfrom hereוּפַסand a stripמִכָּאןfrom hereבְּכָלof any sizeשֶׁהוּא·אוֹorפַּסa stripרֹחַבof a width ofאַרְבָּעָהfourטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsמֵרוּחַfrom a sideאַחַתoneמֻתָּרit is permittedלְטַלְטֵלto carryבְּכָלin all ofהֶחָצֵרthe courtyardוְאֵיןand it is notאָסוּרforbiddenאֶלָּאexceptלְמַלְּאוֹתto fillמִןfromהָאַמָּהthe water conduitבִּלְבַד.aloneאֲבָלButאִםifלֹאthere did notנִשְׁאַרremainפַּסa stripכְּלָלat allאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְטַלְטֵלto carryבְּכָלin all ofהֶחָצֵרthe courtyardשֶׁהֲרֵיfor beholdנִפְרְצָהit was breachedחָצֵרthe courtyardלַיָּםto the seaשֶׁהוּאwhich isכַּרְמְלִית:a carmelit
This halacha discusses the dimensions of a water conduit passing through a courtyard and how its width affects the permissibility of carrying within the courtyard.
הל׳ יג
דִּין מְחִצָּה תְּלוּיָה בְּמַיִם לְעִנְיַן טִלְטוּלHalacha 13 · The Law of a Hanging Partition in Water for Carrying on Shabbos
וְהֵיאַךְAnd howמַעֲמִידִיןdoes one erectאֶת—הַמְּחִצָּהthe partitionבְּמַיִם.in waterאִםIfהָיְתָהit wasלְמַעְלָהaboveמִןfromהַמַּיִםthe waterצָרִיךְit is necessaryשֶׁיִּהְיֶהthat there should beטֶפַחa handbreadthמִןofהַמְּחִצָּהthe partitionיוֹרֵדdescendingבְּתוֹךְintoהַמַּיִם.the waterוְאִםAnd ifהָיְתָהwasהַמְּחִצָּהthe partitionכֻּלָּהּall of itיוֹרֶדֶתdescendingבְּתוֹךְintoהַמַּיִםthe waterצָרִיךְit is necessaryשֶׁיִּהְיֶהthat there should beטֶפַחa handbreadthמִמֶּנָּהfrom itיוֹצֵאprotrudingלְמַעְלָהaboveמִןfromהַמַּיִם.the waterכְּדֵיsoשֶׁיִּהְיוּthat will beהַמַּיִםthe waterשֶׁבֶּחָצֵרthat is in the courtyardמֻבְדָּלִיןdistinguishedאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁאֵיןthat notהַמְּחִצָּהthe partitionמַגַּעַתreachesעַדuntilהַקַּרְקַעthe groundהוֹאִילsinceוְיֵשׁand there isבָּהּin itעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsהֲרֵיbeholdזוֹthisמֻתֶּרֶת.is permittedוְלֹאAnd notהִתִּירוּdid they permitמְחִצָּהa partitionתְּלוּיָהhangingאֶלָּאexceptבְּמַיִםin waterבִּלְבַד.aloneשֶׁאִסּוּרfor the prohibition ofטִלְטוּלcarryingבְּמַיִםin waterמִדִּבְרֵיהֶםis Rabbinicוְהֵקֵלוּand they were lenientבִּמְחִצָּהregarding a partitionשֶׁאֵינָהּwhich is notאֶלָּאexceptכְּדֵיin orderלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeהֶכֵּר:a distinction
This halacha explains how a hanging partition is valid for separating water in a courtyard from a public watercourse, since the prohibition of carrying in water is only Rabbinic.
הל׳ יד
שְׁאִיבַת מַיִם מֵאַמַּת הַמַּיִם הָעוֹבֶרֶת בֵּין הַחֲצֵרוֹתHalacha 14 · Drawing Water on Shabbos from a Conduit Passing Between Courtyards
אַמַּתA conduit ofהַמַּיִםwaterהָעוֹבֶרֶתthat passesבֵּיןbetweenהַחֲצֵרוֹתthe courtyardsוְחַלּוֹנוֹתand windowsפְּתוּחוֹתare openאֵלֶיהָ.to itאִםifאֵיןthere is notבָּהּin itכַּשִּׁעוּרthe minimum sizeמְשַׁלְשְׁלִיןone may lowerדְּלִיa bucketמִןfromהַחַלּוֹנוֹתthe windowsוּמְמַלְּאִיםand fillמִמֶּנָּהfrom itבְּשַׁבָּת.on ShabbosבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבְּשֶׁאֵינָהּwhen it is notמֻפְלֶגֶתdistantמִןfromהַכֹּתֶלthe wallשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeטְפָחִים.handbreadthsאֲבָלbutאִםifהָיְתָהit wasמֻפְלֶגֶתdistantמִןfromהַכֹּתֶלthe wallשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsאֵיןone may notמְמַלְּאִיםfillמִמֶּנָּהfrom itאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·הָיוּthere wereפַּסִּיןstripsיוֹצְאִיןprotrudingמִןfromהַכְּתָלִיםthe wallsמִכָּאןfrom hereוּמִכָּאןand from hereשֶׁנִּמְצָאso that it turns outהָאַמָּהthe conduitכְּאִלּוּis as ifהִיאitעוֹבֶרֶתpassesבְּתוֹךְinsideהֶחָצֵר:the courtyard
This halacha details the conditions under which one may draw water from a water conduit that runs adjacent to private courtyards on Shabbos.
הל׳ טו
דִּין כְּצוֹצְרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּיִם בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 15 · Drawing and Pouring Water from a Balcony Over a Carmelit on Shabbos
כְּצוֹצְרָהA balconyשֶׁהִיאthat isלְמַעְלָהaboveמִןfromהַיָּםthe seaוְחַלּוֹןand a windowבְּתוֹכָהּinside itעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofהַמַּיִם.the waterאֵיןwe do notמְמַלְּאִיםdrawמִמֶּנָּהfrom itבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·עָשׂוּthey madeמְחִצָּהa partitionגְּבוֹהָהhighעֲשָׂרָהtenטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofהַמַּיִםthe waterכְּנֶגֶדcorresponding toהַחַלּוֹןthe windowשֶׁבַּכְּצוֹצְרָה.that is in the balconyאוֹorתִּהְיֶהit will beהַמְּחִצָּהthe partitionיוֹרֶדֶתdescendingמִןfromהַכְּצוֹצְרָהthe balconyכְּנֶגֶדcorresponding toהַמַּיִםthe waterוְרוֹאִיןand we viewאוֹתָהּitכְּאִלּוּas ifיָרְדָהit descendedוְנָגְעָהand touchedעַדuntilהַמַּיִם.the waterוּכְשֵׁםand just asשֶׁמְּמַלְּאִיןwe drawמִזּוֹfrom thisשֶׁעָשׂוּthat they madeלָהּfor itמְחִצָּהa partitionכָּךְsoשׁוֹפְכִיןwe pourמִמֶּנָּהfrom itעַלontoהַיָּם.the seaשֶׁהֲרֵיsinceעַלontoהַכַּרְמְלִיתthe carmelitהֵןtheyשׁוֹפְכִין:pour
This halacha details the Rabbinic requirement of a partition to permit drawing or pouring water between a private balcony and a body of water which is a carmelit.
הל׳ טז
אִסּוּר שְׁפִיכַת מַיִם בְּחָצֵר קְטַנָּה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 16 · Pouring Water in a Small Courtyard on Shabbos and the Requirement of a Pit
חָצֵרA courtyardשֶׁהִיאthat isפְּחוּתָהlessמֵאַרְבַּעthan fourאַמּוֹתcubitsעַלbyאַרְבַּעfourאַמּוֹתcubitsאֵיןwe do notשׁוֹפְכִיןpourבְּתוֹכָהּinto itמַיִםwaterבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהֵןthat theyיוֹצְאִיןgo outלִרְשׁוּתto the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicבִּמְהֵרָה.quicklyלְפִיכָךְthereforeצָרִיךְone mustלַעֲשׂוֹתmakeגּוּמָהa pitמַחְזֶקֶתholdingסָאתַיִםtwo seahבְּתוֹךְinsideהֶחָצֵרthe courtyardאוֹorבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicבְּצַדbesideהֶחָצֵרthe courtyardכְּדֵיsoשֶׁיִּהְיוּthat will beהַמַּיִםthe waterנִקְבָּצִיםcollectedבְּתוֹכָהּ.inside itוְצָרִיךְand one mustלִבְנוֹתbuildעָלֶיהָover itכִּפָּהan archמִבַּחוּץfrom the outsideכְּדֵיsoשֶׁלֹּאthat notתֵּרָאֶהwill be seenהָעוּקָהthe pitהַזֹּאתthisבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּים.of the publicוְהֶחָצֵרand the courtyardוְהָאַכְסַדְרָהand the porticoמִצְטָרְפִיןcombineלְאַרְבַּעto fourאַמּוֹת.cubitsוְכַמָּהand how muchהוּאisהַמָּקוֹםthe spaceשֶׁמַּחֲזִיקthat holdsסָאתַיִםtwo seahחֲצִיhalfאַמָּהa cubitעַלbyחֲצִיhalfאַמָּהa cubitבְּרוּםwith a height ofשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeחֻמְשֵׁיfifths ofאַמָּה:a cubit
This halacha details the prohibition of pouring water into a small courtyard on Shabbos due to the concern that it will flow into the public domain, and the dimensions of the pit required to collect it.
הל׳ יז
דִּין שְׁפִיכַת מַיִם לְעוּקָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 17 · Pouring Waste Water into a Pit in the Courtyard on Shabbos
הָיְתָהIf wasהָעוּקָהthe pitפְּחוּתָהlessמִסָּאתַיִםthan two seahשׁוֹפְכִיןwe may pourלָהּinto itבְּמִלּוּאָהּ.its full capacityהָיְתָהif wasמַחְזֶקֶתholdingסָאתַיִםtwo seahשׁוֹפְכִיןwe may pourלָהּinto itאֲפִלּוּevenשִׁשִּׁיםsixtyסְאָהseahשֶׁלofמַיִם.waterוְאַףand evenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהַמַּיִםthat the waterיִתְגַּבְּרוּwill overflowוְיָפוּצוּand spreadמֵעַלfrom uponהַגּוּמָהthe pitלַחוּץ.to the outsideבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבִּימוֹתin the days ofהַגְּשָׁמִיםthe rainsשֶׁהַחֲצֵרוֹתwhen the courtyardsמִתְקַלְקְלוֹתare muddiedוּסְתָםand ordinaryצִנּוֹרוֹתdrainpipesמְקַלְּחִיןflowוְלֹאand notיָבוֹאוּwill comeהָרוֹאִיםthe onlookersלוֹמַרto sayשֶׁזֶּהthat this oneמִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁis usingבִּרְשׁוּתthe public domainהָרַבִּיםand the waterוְהַמַּיִםgoes outיוֹצְאִיםfrom his powerמִכֹּחוֹinto the public domainבִּרְשׁוּתthe public domainהָרַבִּים.butאֲבָלin the days ofבִּימוֹתthe sunהַחַמָּהifאִםit wasהָיְתָהholdingמַחְזֶקֶתtwo seahסָאתַיִםwe do notאֵיןpourשׁוֹפְכִיןinto itלָהּexceptאֶלָּאtwo seahסָאתַיִם.if wasהָיְתָהlessפְּחוּתָהthan two seahמִסָּאתַיִםwe do notאֵיןpourשׁוֹפְכִיןinto itלָהּanyכָּלat allעִקָּר:—
This halacha details the Rabbinic restrictions on pouring waste water into a courtyard pit during the summer and winter seasons.
הל׳ יח
אִסּוּר שְׁפִיכַת מַיִם לְבִיב הַמּוֹבִיל לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּיםHalacha 18 · Pouring Water into a Drain Leading to the Public Domain
בִּיבA drainשֶׁשּׁוֹפְכִיןthat they pourלוֹinto itמַיִםwaterוְהֵןand theyנִזְחָלִיןflowוְהוֹלְכִיןand goתַּחַתunderהַקַּרְקַעthe groundוְיוֹצְאִיןand go outלִרְשׁוּתto the domain ofהָרַבִּים.the manyוְכֵןand so tooצִנּוֹרa gutterשֶׁשּׁוֹפְכִיןthat they pourעַלuponפִּיוits mouthמַיִםwaterוְהֵןand theyנִזְחָלִיןflowעַלuponהַכֹּתֶלthe wallוְיוֹרְדִיןand descendלִרְשׁוּתto the domain ofהָרַבִּים.the manyאֲפִלּוּeven ifהָיָהwasאֹרֶךְthe length ofהַכֹּתֶלthe wallאוֹorאֹרֶךְthe length ofהַדֶּרֶךְthe pathשֶׁתַּחַתthat is underהָאָרֶץthe earthמֵאָהone hundredאַמָּהcubitsאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִשְׁפֹּךְto pourעַלuponפִּיthe mouth ofהַבִּיבthe drainאוֹorעַלuponפִּיthe mouth ofהַצִּנּוֹרthe gutterמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהַמַּיִםthat the waterיוֹצְאִיןgoes outמִכֹּחוֹfrom his forceלִרְשׁוּתto the domain ofהָרַבִּים.the manyאֶלָּאratherשׁוֹפֵךְhe poursחוּץoutsideלַבִּיבto the drainוְהֵןand theyיוֹרְדִיןdescendלַבִּיב:to the drain
This halacha forbids pouring water directly into a drain or gutter that leads to the public domain, as the water is propelled there by one's direct force.
הל׳ יט
דִּינֵי שְׁפִיכַת מַיִם לְכַרְמְלִית בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 19 · Laws of Pouring Water into a Carmelit on Shabbos
בַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבִּימוֹתin the days ofהַחַמָּהthe summerאֲבָלbutבִּימוֹתin the days ofהַגְּשָׁמִיםthe rainsשׁוֹפֵךְone may pourוְשׁוֹנֶהand repeatוְאֵינוֹand he is notנִמְנָע.preventedשֶׁסְּתָםfor ordinarilyצִנּוֹרוֹתguttersמְקַלְּחִיןflowהֵןtheyוְאָדָםand a personרוֹצֶהwantsשֶׁיִּבָּלְעוּthat they be absorbedהַמַּיִםthe waterבִּמְקוֹמָן.in their placeהָיָהIf he wasשׁוֹפֵךְpouringעַלuponפִּיthe opening ofהַבִּיבthe drainוְהַמַּיִםand the waterיוֹצְאִיןgoes outלְכַרְמְלִיתto a carmelitהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisמֻתָּרis permittedוַאֲפִלּוּand evenבִּימוֹתin the days ofהַחַמָּהthe summerשֶׁלֹּאbecause notגָּזְרוּdid they decreeעַלuponכֹּחוֹhis powerבְּכַרְמְלִית.in a carmelitלְפִיכָךְthereforeמֻתָּרit is permittedלִשְׁפֹּךְto pourעַלuponכָּתְלֵיthe walls ofהַסְּפִינָהthe shipוְהֵםand theyיוֹרְדִיןdescendלַיָּם:to the sea
The Sages permitted pouring water into a carmelit via indirect force, especially during the rainy season or through a drain.
הל׳ כ
שְׁאִיבַת מַיִם מִן הַיָּם לִסְפִינָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 20 · Drawing Water from the Sea into a Ship on Shabbos
לֹאNotיְמַלֵּאshall fillאָדָםa personמַיִםwaterמִןfromהַיָּםthe seaוְהוּאand heבְּתוֹךְis insideהַסְּפִינָהthe shipאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·עָשָׂהhe madeמְקוֹםan area ofאַרְבָּעָהfourעַלbyאַרְבָּעָהfourיוֹצֵאprotrudingמִןfromהַסְּפִינָהthe shipעַלoverהַיָּם.the seaבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidכְּשֶׁהָיָהwhen it wasתּוֹךְwithinעֲשָׂרָהtenאֲבָלbutאִםifהָיָהit wasלְמַעְלָהaboveמֵעֲשָׂרָהtenמִןfromהַיָּםthe seaמוֹצִיאhe extendsזִיזa protrusionכָּלanyשֶׁהוּאsizeוּמְמַלֵּא.and fillsשֶׁהֲרֵיsinceדֶּרֶךְthroughמְקוֹםa place ofפְּטוֹרexemptionמְמַלֵּאhe fillsוְאֵינוֹand he does notצָרִיךְneedלְזִיזprotrusionזֶהthisאֶלָּאexceptמִשּׁוּםbecause ofהֶכֵּר:a distinction
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic requirement to make a physical distinction when drawing water from the sea into a ship on Shabbos.
הל׳ כא
דִּין סֵפֶר שֶׁנִּתְגַּלְגֵּל בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 21 · The Law of a Scroll that Rolled into Another Domain on Shabbos
הַקּוֹרֵאOne who readsבְּסֵפֶרin a scrollבְּכַרְמְלִיתin a carmelitוְנִתְגַּלְגֵּלand rolledמִקְצָתa part ofהַסֵּפֶרthe scrollלִרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicוּמִקְצָתוֹand its partבְּיָדוֹ.is in his handאִםifנִתְגַּלְגֵּלit rolledלְחוּץoutsideלְאַרְבַּעof fourאַמּוֹתcubitsהוֹפְכוֹhe turns itעַלuponהַכְּתָבthe writingוּמַנִּיחוֹ.and leaves itגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיִשָּׁמֵטit slipכֻּלּוֹall of itמִיָּדוֹfrom his handוְיַעֲבִירֶנּוּand he will carry itאַרְבַּעfourאַמּוֹת.cubitsנִתְגַּלְגֵּלif it rolledלְתוֹךְwithinאַרְבַּעfourאַמּוֹתcubitsגּוֹלְלוֹhe rolls itאֶצְלוֹ.to himselfוְכֵןand soאִםifנִתְגַּלְגֵּלit rolledלִרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהַיָּחִידthe individualגּוֹלְלוֹhe rolls itאֶצְלוֹ.to himselfהָיָהIf he wasקוֹרֵאreadingבִּרְשׁוּתin the domain ofהַיָּחִידthe individualוְנִתְגַּלְגֵּלand it rolledלִרְשׁוּתinto the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicאִםifנָחit restedבָּהּin itהוֹפְכוֹhe turns itעַלuponהַכְּתָב.the writingוְאִםand ifלֹאnotנָחit restedאֶלָּאbutהָיָהit wasתָּלוּיsuspendedבַּאֲוִירin the airspace ofרְשׁוּתthe domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicוְלֹאand notהִגִּיעַit reachedלָאָרֶץto the groundגּוֹלְלוֹhe rolls itאֶצְלוֹ:to himself
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic decrees enacted to prevent carrying a scroll that rolls from one domain to another on Shabbos.
הל׳ כב
הַעֲבָרַת מִפְגָּעִים וּמֵת מַסְרִיחַ בְּכַרְמְלִיתHalacha 22 · Moving Public Hazards and a Decomposing Corpse into a Carmelit
הַמַּעֲבִירOne who movesקוֹץa thornכְּדֵיin orderשֶׁלֹּאthat notיִזּוֹקוּwill be injuredבּוֹby itרַבִּים.the publicאִםifהָיָהit wasבִּרְשׁוּתin the domainהָרַבִּיםof the publicמוֹלִיכוֹhe carries itפָּחוֹתlessפָּחוֹתlessמֵאַרְבַּעthan fourאַמּוֹת.cubitsוְאִםand ifהָיָהit wasבְּכַרְמְלִיתin a carmelitמוֹלִיכוֹhe carries itכְּדַרְכּוֹin his usual wayאֲפִלּוּevenמֵאָהone hundredאַמָּה.cubitsוְכֵןAnd likewiseמֵתa corpseשֶׁהִסְרִיחַthat became smellyוְנִתְבַּזָּהand became degradingיֶתֶרmoreמִדַּאיthan enoughוְלֹאand notיָכְלוּcouldשְׁכֵנִיםthe neighborsלַעֲמֹדto standמוֹצִיאִיןthey may removeאוֹתוֹitמֵרְשׁוּתfrom the domainהַיָּחִידof the individualלְכַרְמְלִית.to a carmelitהַיּוֹרֵדOne who goes downלִרְחֹץto batheבַּיָּםin the seaכְּשֶׁהוּאwhen heעוֹלֶהcomes upמְנַגֵּבhe driesעַצְמוֹhimselfשֶׁמָּאlestיַעֲבִירhe will carryמַיִםwaterשֶׁעָלָיוthat is on himאַרְבַּעfourאַמּוֹתcubitsבְּכַרְמְלִית:in a carmelit
This halacha outlines the Rabbinic leniencies permitted in a carmelit to prevent public injury or extreme human degradation, as well as the precaution of drying oneself after bathing in the sea.
Chapter Summaryסִכּוּם
The chapter begins by establishing that a person standing in one domain may move articles within another domain, provided he does not transfer them across domains or carry them more than four cubits in a public domain. It then details the Rabbinic decrees regarding drinking and feeding animals across domain boundaries, explaining that one must bring his head and the majority of his body into the domain where he is drinking if he is using attractive vessels he needs, lest he carry them back with him. Finally, the halachos address collecting flowing water from drainpipes without touching the pipe or wall, and the permissible use of projections near windows that are situated above ten handbreadths, which places them outside the reach of the public domain.
לְמַעֲשֶׂהWhat To Take Home
Look at how carefully the Sages guarded us from a mistake. The halachah teaches that a person cannot stand in one domain and drink from another using a nice vessel, out of concern that he might absentmindedly pull the cup back to where he is standing. Our minds naturally pull things toward where we are physically positioned. If your body is in one place, your hands will eventually bring your possessions there too, even if you promised yourself you would keep them separate.
This is a profound lesson in our daily avodah. We often try to keep our feet planted in a place of compromise or spiritual danger, while claiming we can safely reach out to touch something holy, or conversely, we stand in a holy place but let our desires reach out into the public street. The yetzer hara whispers that we can compartmentalize. But the Torah knows the nature of a person: where you stand is ultimately where you will pull your vessels. You cannot safely engage with something unless you bring your head and the majority of your being into that space.
If you want to truly connect to a mitzvah, a shiur, or a holy moment, do not just reach for it from the outside while remaining standing in your old habits. Bring your whole self in.
Today, when you sit down to learn or daven, do not just 'reach in' while keeping your mind on your phone or your business. Put your phone in another room, bring your head and the majority of your focus entirely into the room, and stand fully inside the domain of the Torah.