Chapter Previewהַקְדָּמָה
In this chapter, we continue our deep dive into the melacha of hotza'ah (transferring between domains) on Shabbos, focusing on the precise shiurim (minimum measures) required to incur liability. Hashem's Torah is incredibly exact, and the Rambam guides us through the specific amounts for various categories of food, liquids, and animal fodder. We learn that while any amount of transferring is forbidden mid'Rabbanan, one only brings a Korban Chatas if they transfer a useful, significant quantity that serves a constructive purpose, known as melaches machsheves.
We will explore the specific shiur for human food, which is the size of a dried fig (grogreles), and see how different foods can combine to reach this measure. The chapter then details the shiurim for various liquids—such as wine, milk, oil, honey, and water—as well as different types of straw and vegetation used for animal feed, showing how the halachah distinguishes between the needs of different animals like cows, camels, and lambs.
All introductions, summaries, and contextual notes are the editor's commentary and are not part of the original text.אַלע הַקְדָּמוֹת, סִכּוּמִים, און הערות זענען דעם רעדאַקטאָר'ס באַמערקונגען און זענען נישט קיין טייל פונעם אָריגינעלן טעקסט.
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שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת אָכְלֵי אָדָם בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 1 · The Minimum Measure for Transferring Human Food on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersדָּבָרan itemמֵרְשׁוּתfrom the domain ofהַיָּחִידthe individualלִרְשׁוּתto the domain ofהרבִּיםthe publicאוֹorמֵרְשׁוּתfrom the domain ofהָרַבִּיםthe publicלִרְשׁוּתto the domain ofהַיָּחִידthe individualאֵינוֹis notחַיָּבliableעַדuntilשֶׁיּוֹצִיאhe transfersמִמֶּנּוּfrom itשִׁעוּרa measureשֶׁמּוֹעִילthat is usefulכְּלוּם.at allוְאֵלּוּAnd theseהֵןareשִׁעוּרֵיthe measures ofהַהוֹצָאָה.transferringהַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersאָכְלֵיfoods ofאָדָםmanכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.like a dried figוּמִצְטָרְפִיןand they combineזֶהthisעִםwithזֶה.thisוְהוּאand that isשֶׁיִּהְיֶהthat there shall beכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figמִןfromהָאֹכֶלthe foodעַצְמוֹitselfחוּץexcludingמִןfromהַקְּלִפִּיםthe shellsוְהַגַּרְעִינִיןand the seedsוְהָעֵקְצִיןand the stemsוְהַסֻּבִּיןand the coarse branוְהַמֻּרְסָן:and the fine bran
This halacha defines the minimum quantity of food required to incur liability for the melacha of transferring between domains on Shabbos.
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שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאַת מַשְׁקִין בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 2 · The Minimum Measures for Transferring Various Liquids on Shabbos
יַיִןWineכְּדֵיenough forרֹבַעa quarter ofרְבִיעִיתa revi'isוְאִםand ifהָיָהit wasקָרוּשׁcongealedבִּכְזַיִת.as a k'zayisחֲלֵבmilk ofבְּהֵמָהan animalטְהוֹרָהkosherכְּדֵיenough forגְּמִיעָהa gulpוַחֲלֵבand milk ofטְמֵאָהa non-kosherכְּדֵיenoughלִכְחלto paintעַיִןeyeאַחַת.oneחֲלֵבmilk ofאִשָּׁהa womanוְלֹבֶןand white ofבֵּיצָהan eggכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto putבִּמְשִׁיפָה.in an ointmentשֶׁמֶןoilכְּדֵיenoughלָסוּךְto anointאֶצְבַּעtoeקְטַנָּהthe smallשֶׁלofרֶגֶלfoot ofקָטָןa childבֶּןson ofיוֹמוֹ.his dayטַלdewכְּדֵיenoughלָשׁוּףto dissolveאֶת—הַקִּילוֹרִין.the eye-salveוְקִילוֹרand eye-salveכְּדֵיenoughלָשׁוּףto dissolveבַּמַּיִם.with waterוּמַיִםand waterכְּדֵיenoughלִרְחֹץto washפְּנֵיthe surface ofמְדוּכָה.a mortarדְּבַשׁhoneyכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto putעַלuponרֹאשׁthe top ofהַכָּתִית.a soreדָּםbloodוּשְׁאָרand the rest ofכָּלallהַמַּשְׁקִיןthe liquidsוְכָלand allהַשּׁוֹפְכִיןthe wastewaterכְּדֵיenough forרְבִיעִית:a revi'is
This halacha details the specific minimum quantities of different liquids, such as wine, milk, oil, and water, for which one is liable for carrying on Shabbos.
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שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאַת מַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה וְצֵרוּפָם בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 3 · The Measures for Carrying Out Animal Food and Their Combination on Shabbos
תֶּבֶןStraw ofתְּבוּאָהgrainכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofפָּרָה.a cowתֶּבֶןstraw ofקִטְנִיּוֹתlegumesכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגָּמָל.a camelוְאִםand ifהוֹצִיאhe carried outתֶּבֶןstraw ofקִטְנִיּוֹתlegumesלְהַאֲכִילוֹto feed itלְפָרָהto a cowכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofפָּרָה.a cowשֶׁהָאֲכִילָהfor eatingעַלbyיְדֵיway ofהַדְּחָקdifficultyשְׁמָהּis calledאֲכִילָה.eatingעָמִירGrain-stalksכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofטָלֶה.a lambעֲשָׂבִיםgrassesכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגְּדִי.a kidעֲלֵיleaves ofשׁוּםgarlicוַעֲלֵיand leaves ofבְּצָלִיםonionsאִםifהָיוּthey wereלַחִיםmoistכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהֵןthey areאָכְלֵיfood ofאָדָם.manוִיבֵשִׁיםand when dryכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגְּדִי.a kidוְאֵיןand they do notמִצְטָרְפִיןcombineזֶהthisעִםwithזֶהthisלֶחָמוּרfor the more stringentשֶׁבָּהֶןof themאֲבָלbutמִצְטָרְפִיןthey do combineלַקַּלfor the more lenientשֶׁבָּהֶן.of themכֵּיצַד.how soהוֹצִיאhe carried outתֶּבֶןstraw ofתְּבוּאָהgrainוְקִטְנִית.and legumesאִםifיֵשׁthere isבִּשְׁנֵיהֶםin both of themכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofפָּרָהa cowפָּטוּר.he is exemptכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגָּמָלa camelחַיָּב.he is liableוְכֵןand soכָּלallכַּיּוֹצֵאsimilarבָּזֶהto thisלְעִנְיַןregarding the matter ofהַשַּׁבָּת:Shabbos
This halacha defines the minimum quantities of various animal foods, such as straw and grass, that trigger liability for carrying on Shabbos, and explains how different types combine.
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שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת עֵצִים וְקָנֶה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 4 · The Minimum Measures for Carrying Out Wood and Reeds on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outעֵצִיםwoodכְּדֵיenoughלְבַשֵּׁלto cookכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figמִבֵּיצַתfrom an egg ofהַתַּרְנְגוֹלִיםthe chickensטְרוּפָהbeatenבְּשֶׁמֶןwith oilוּנְתוּנָהand placedבְּאִלְפָּס.in a potהַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outקָנֶהa reedכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeקֻלְמוֹסa penהַמַּגִּיעַthat reachesלְרָאשֵׁיto the tips ofאֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו.his fingersוְאִםand ifהָיָהit wasעָבֶהthickאוֹorמְרֻצָּץcrushedשִׁעוּרוֹits measure isכְּעֵצִים:like wood
This halacha defines the minimum quantities of wood and reeds that trigger liability for the melacha of carrying on Shabbos.
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שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאָה לִתְבָלִין, מַתָּכוֹת, וְחֶפְצֵי קְדֻשָּׁהHalacha 5 · The Minimum Measures for Carrying Out Spices, Metals, and Sacred Objects on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outתַּבְלִיןspicesכְּדֵיthe amount toלְתַבֵּלspiceבֵּיצָהan eggוּמִצְטָרְפִיןand they combineזֶהthisעִםwithזֶה.thisפִּלְפֵּלpepperכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountעִטְרָןpine sapכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountרֵיחַa fragranceטוֹבgoodכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountרֵיחַa fragranceרַעbadכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountמִינֵיtypes ofבְּשָׂמִיםperfumesכָּלanyשֶׁהֵן.amountאַרְגָּמָןpurple dyeטוֹבfineכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountבְּתוּלַתa bud ofהַוֶּרֶדthe roseאַחַת.oneמִינֵיtypes ofמַתָּכוֹתmetalsהַקָּשִׁיםthe hard onesכְּגוֹןsuch asנְחשֶׁתcopperוּבַרְזֶלand ironכָּלanyשֶׁהֵן.amountמֵעֲפַרfrom the dust ofהַמִּזְבֵּחַthe Altarוּמֵאַבְנֵיand from the stones ofהַמִּזְבֵּחַthe Altarוּמִמֶּקֶקand from the decay ofסְפָרִיםscrollsוּמִמֶּקֶקand from the decay ofמִטְפָּחוֹתwrappersשֶׁלָּהֶןof theirsכָּלanyשֶׁהֵן.amountמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁמַּצְנִיעִיןthat we storeאוֹתָםthemלִגְנִיזָה.for entombmentגַּחֶלֶתa coalכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.amountוְהַמּוֹצִיאand one who carries outשַׁלְהֶבֶתa flameפָּטוּר:is exempt
This halacha details the specific minimum quantities required to incur liability for carrying various items, such as spices, metals, and sacred objects, on Shabbos.
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שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאָה שֶׁל זְרָעִים סֻבִּין וְלִכְלוּכֵי מַאֲכָלHalacha 6 · Measures of Carrying for Seeds Bran and Various Foods on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outזֵרְעוֹנֵיseeds ofגִּנָּהa gardenשֶׁאֵינָןthat are notנֶאֱכָלִיןeatenלְאָדָםby humansשִׁעוּרָןtheir measure isפָּחוֹתlessמִכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.than a dried figמִזֶּרַעfrom the seed ofקִשּׁוּאִיןcucumbersשְׁנַיִם.twoוּמִזֶּרַעand from the seed ofהַדְּלוּעִיןgourdsשְׁנַיִם.twoמִזֶּרַעfrom the seed ofפּוֹלbeanהַמִּצְרִיthe Egyptianשְׁנַיִם.twoהַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outסֻבִּיןcoarse branכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto placeעַלonפִּיthe opening ofכּוּרa crucibleשֶׁלofצוֹרְפֵיrefiners ofזָהָב.goldהַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outמֻרְסָןfine branאִםifלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingשִׁעוּרוֹits measure isכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.like a dried figלִבְהֵמָהfor an animalשִׁעוּרוֹits measure isכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגְּדִי.a kidלִצְבִיעָהfor dyeingכְּדֵיenoughלִצְבֹּעַto dyeבֶּגֶדa garmentקָטָן.smallלוּלְבֵיThe shoots ofזְרָדִיןshrubsוְהַחֲרוּבִיןand the carobsעַדuntilשֶׁלֹּאthat notיַמְתִּיקוּthey become sweetכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.like a dried figוּמִשֶּׁיַּמְתִּיקוּand from when they become sweetכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגְּדִי.a kidאֲבָלButהַלּוּףthe lufוְהַחַרְדָּלand the mustardוְהַתֻּרְמוֹסִיןand the lupinesוּשְׁאָרand the rest ofכָּלallהַנִּכְבָּשִׁיןthe pickled itemsבֵּיןwhetherשֶׁיַּמְתִּיקוּthat they become sweetבֵּיןwhetherעַדuntilשֶׁלֹּאthat notיַמְתִּיקוּthey become sweetכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת:like a dried fig
This halacha details the specific minimum quantities of seeds, bran, and various plant foods for which one is liable for carrying on Shabbos.
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שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת גַּרְעִינִין וְאֵזוֹב בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 7 · The Measures for Carrying Out Seeds and Hyssop on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outגַּרְעִינִין.seedsאִםifלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingחָמֵשׁ.fiveוְאִםand ifלְהַסָּקָהfor fuelהֲרֵיbeholdהֵןtheyכְּעֵצִים.are like woodוְאִםand ifלְחֶשְׁבּוֹןfor countingשְׁתַּיִם.twoוְאִםand ifלִזְרִיעָהfor sowingשְׁתַּיִם.twoהַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outאֵזוֹבhyssopלְאֳכָלִיםfor human foodכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.like a dried figלִבְהֵמָהfor animal foodכִּמְלֹאlike the fullness ofפִּיthe mouth ofגְּדִי.a kidלְעֵצִיםfor woodכְּשִׁעוּרlike the measure ofהָעֵצִים.the woodלַהֲזָיָהfor sprinklingכְּשִׁעוּרlike the measure ofהֲזָיָה:sprinkling
This halacha defines the minimum quantities of seeds and hyssop for which one is liable for carrying on Shabbos, depending on their intended use.
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שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת צְבָעִים וְחָמְרֵי נִקּוּי בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 8 · The Minimum Quantities for Carrying Dyes and Cleansing Agents on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outקְלִפֵּיshells ofאֱגוֹזִיןnutsוּקְלִפֵּיand shells ofרִמּוֹנִיםpomegranatesאִסְטִיסisatisוּפוּאָהand madderוּשְׁאָרand the rest ofהַצְּבָעִיןthe dyesכְּדֵיenoughלִצְבֹּעַto dyeבָּהֶןwith themבֶּגֶדa garmentקָטָןsmallכִּסְבָכָהlike a hairnetשֶׁמַּנִּיחִיןthat placeהַבָּנוֹתthe girlsעַלonרָאשֵׁיהֶן.their headsוְכֵןand likewiseהַמּוֹצִיאone who carries outמֵיwater ofרַגְלַיִםfeetבֶּןofאַרְבָּעִיםfortyיוֹםdaysאוֹorנֶתֶרniter ofאֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִיָּאAlexandriaאוֹorבֹּרִיתsoapקִימוֹנְיָאcimoniaוְאַשְׁלָגand ashlagוּשְׁאָרand the rest ofכָּלallהַמְנַקִּיןthe cleansing agentsכְּדֵיenoughלְכַבֵּסto washבָּהֶןwith themבֶּגֶדa garmentקָטָןsmallכִּסְבָכָה.like a hairnetהוֹצִיאif he carried outסַמָּנִיןherbsשְׁרוּיִיןsoakedכְּדֵיenoughלִצְבֹּעַto dyeבָּהֶןwith themדֻּגְמָאa sampleלְאִירָא:for a weaver
This halacha defines the minimum threshold of liability for carrying out various dyeing materials and laundry detergents on Shabbos.
הל׳ ט
שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת דְּיוֹ וּכְתִיבָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 9 · The Minimum Measure for Carrying Out Ink and Writing on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outדְּיוֹinkעַלonהַקֻּלְמוֹסthe quillשִׁעוּרוֹits measureכְּדֵיis enoughלִכְתֹּבto writeמִמֶּנּוּfrom itשְׁתֵּיtwoאוֹתִיּוֹת.lettersאֲבָלbutאִםifהוֹצִיאhe carried outהַדְּיוֹthe inkבִּפְנֵיbyעַצְמוֹitselfאוֹorבְּקֶסֶתin an inkwellצָרִיךְit is necessaryשֶׁיִּהְיֶהthat there beבּוֹin itיֶתֶרmoreעַלthanזֶהthisכְּדֵיenoughשֶׁיַּעֲלֶהthat there will riseמִמֶּנּוּfrom itעַלontoהַקֻּלְמוֹסthe quillכְּדֵיenoughלִכְתֹּבto writeשְׁתֵּיtwoאוֹתִיּוֹת.lettersהָיָהif there wasבַּקֶּסֶתin the inkwellכְּדֵיenough forאוֹתletterאַחַתoneוּבַקֻּלְמוֹסand on the quillכְּדֵיenough forאוֹתletterאַחַתoneאוֹorבַּדְּיוֹin the inkלְבַדּוֹaloneכְּדֵיenough forאוֹתletterאַחַתoneוּבַקֻּלְמוֹסand on the quillכְּדֵיenough forאוֹתletterאַחַתoneהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisסָפֵק.is a doubtהוֹצִיאif he carried outשְׁתֵּיtwoאוֹתִיּוֹתlettersוּכְתָבָןand wrote themכְּשֶׁהוּאwhile heמְהַלֵּךְis walkingחַיָּב.he is liableכְּתִיבָתָןtheir writingזוֹthisהִיאitהַנָּחָתָן.is their placingהוֹצִיאif he carried outאוֹתletterאַחַתoneוּכְתָבָהּand wrote itוְחָזַרand returnedוְהוֹצִיאand carried outאוֹתletterשְׁנִיָּהsecondוּכְתָבָהּand wrote itפָּטוּר.he is exemptשֶׁכְּבָרbecause alreadyחָסְרָהwas missingהָאוֹתthe letterהָרִאשׁוֹנָה:the first
This halacha defines the minimum quantity of ink required to violate the prohibition of carrying on Shabbos, and explains how writing while walking constitutes a complete act of carrying.
הל׳ י
שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאָה לִכְחֹל וְזֶפֶת וְשַׁעֲוָה וּדְבָקִיםHalacha 10 · The Minimum Quantities for Carrying Eye Paint Pitch Wax and Paste on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outכְּחלeye paintבֵּיןwhetherלִרְפוּאָהfor healingבֵּיןwhetherלְתַכְשִׁיטfor ornamentכְּדֵיenoughלִכְחלto paintעַיִןeyeאַחַת.oneוּבְמָקוֹםand in a placeשֶׁאֵיןwhere it is notדַּרְכָּןtheir wayלְהִתְקַשֵּׁטto adorn themselvesאֶלָּאexceptבִּכְחִילַתwith the painting ofשְׁתֵּיtwoעֵינַיִםeyesוְהוֹצִיאוֹand he carried it outלְהִתְקַשֵּׁטto adorn himselfעַדuntilשֶׁיּוֹצִיאhe carries outכְּדֵיenoughלִכְחלto paintשְׁתֵּיtwoעֵינַיִם.eyesזֶפֶתpitchוְגָפְרִיתand sulfurכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeנֶקֶב.a holeשַׁעֲוָהwaxכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto placeעַלonפִּיthe opening ofנֶקֶבa holeקָטָן.smallדֶּבֶקpasteכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto placeבְּרֹאשׁon the top ofהַשַּׁפְשָׁף.the lime-twigרְבָבfatכְּדֵיenoughלִמְשֹׁחַto smearתַּחַתunderרָקִיקa waferכְּסֶלַע:like a sela
This halacha defines the minimum threshold quantities for liability when carrying out various substances such as eye paint, pitch, wax, and paste on Shabbos.
הל׳ יא
שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאָה שֶׁל אֲדָמָה, טִיט, סִיד, וּצְרוֹר אֶבֶן בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 11 · The Minimum Quantities for Carrying Earth, Clay, Lime, and Stones on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outאֲדָמָהred earthכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeחוֹתַםa seal ofהָאִגֶּרֶת.the letterטִיטclayכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeפִּיthe opening ofכּוּר.a crucibleזֶבֶלmanureאוֹorחוֹלsandדַּקfineכְּדֵיenoughלְזַבֵּלto fertilizeכְּרִישָׁה.a leekחוֹלsandגַּסcoarseכְּדֵיenoughלְעָרֵבto mixעִםwithמְלֹאa fullכַּףtrowelשֶׁלofסַיָּדִין.plasterersחַרְסִיתground brickכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeפִּיthe opening ofכּוּרa crucibleשֶׁלofצוֹרְפֵיrefiners ofזָהָב.goldשֵׂעַרhairכְּדֵיenoughלְגַבֵּלto kneadטִיטclayלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeפִּיthe opening ofכּוּרa crucibleשֶׁלofצוֹרְפֵיrefiners ofזָהָב.goldסִידlimeכְּדֵיenoughלָסוּדto smearאֶצְבַּעa fingerקְטַנָּהsmallestשֶׁבַּבָּנוֹת.of girlsעָפָרdustוָאֵפֶרand ashכְּדֵיenoughלְכַסּוֹתto coverדַּםthe blood ofצִפּוֹרa birdקְטַנָּה.smallצְרוֹרa pebble ofאֶבֶןstoneכְּדֵיenoughלִזְרֹקto throwבִּבְהֵמָהat an animalוְתַרְגִּישׁ.and it will feelוְהוּאand itמִשְׁקַלis the weight ofעֲשָׂרָהtenזוּזִים.zuzimחֶרֶסa shardכְּדֵיenoughלְקַבֵּלto containבּוֹin itרְבִיעִית:a revi'is
This halacha defines the minimum quantities of various raw materials, such as earth, clay, lime, and stones, that make one liable for carrying them on Shabbos.
הל׳ יב
שִׁעוּרֵי הוֹצָאָה לַחֲבָלִים, גֶּמִי, סִיב, וּשְׁאָר חֳמָרִיםHalacha 12 · The Minimum Quantities for Carrying Rope, Reeds, Palm Bast, and Other Materials on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outחֶבֶלropeכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeאֹזֶןa handleלְקֻפָּה.for a basketגֶּמִיreedsכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeתְּלַאיa hangerלְנָפָהfor a sifterוְלִכְבָרָה.or for a sieveהוּצִיןpalm leavesכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeאֹזֶןa handleלִכְפִיפָהfor a basketמִצְרִית.Egyptianסִיבpalm bastכְּדֵיenoughלִתֵּןto placeעַלoverפִּיthe mouth ofמַשְׁפֵּךְa funnelקָטָןsmallשֶׁלofיַיִן.wineמוֹכִיןunprocessed woolכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeבּוֹwith itכַּדּוּרa ballכֶּאֱגוֹז.like a nutעֶצֶםboneכְּדֵיenoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeתַּרְוָד.a spoonזְכוּכִיתglassכְּדֵיenoughלִגְרֹדto scrapeבָּהּwith itרֹאשׁthe head ofהַכַּרְכָּרthe weaver's shuttleאוֹorעַדuntilשֶׁיִּפְצַעit cutsשְׁתֵּיtwoנִימִיןthreadsכְּאַחַת:at once
This halacha defines the minimum functional quantities of various raw materials, such as rope, reeds, wool, bone, and glass, that make one liable for carrying them on Shabbos.
הל׳ יג
שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת נִימִין, סִיבִים, בְּגָדִים, וְעוֹרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 13 · The Minimum Measures for Transferring Hairs, Fibers, Cloth, and Leather on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersשְׁתֵּיtwoנִימִיןhairsמִזְּנַבfrom the tail ofהַסּוּסthe horseוּמִזְּנַבor from the tail ofהַפָּרָהthe cowחַיָּב.is liableהוֹצִיאIf he transferredאַחַתoneמִןfromהַקָּשֶׁהthe stiff hairשֶׁבַּחֲזִירof a pigחַיָּב.he is liableנִצְרֵיFibers ofדֶּקֶלa date palmוְהֵןand they areחוּטֵיthe threads ofהָעֵץthe treeשְׁתַּיִם.twoחוֹרֵיbarks ofדֶּקֶלa date palmוְהֵןand they areקְלִפֵּיthe barks ofהַחֲרָיוֹתthe branchesאַחַת.oneמִצֶּמֶרFrom wool ofגֶּפֶןcottonוּמִצֶּמֶרand from wool ofכָּלָךְsilkוְצֶמֶרand wool ofגְּמַלִּיםcamelsוְאַרְנָבִיםand rabbitsוְחַיָּהand an animalשֶׁבַּיָּםof the seaוּשְׁאָרand the rest ofכָּלallהַנִּטְוִיןthe spinnable materialsכְּדֵיenoughלִטְווֹתto spinחוּטa threadאֹרֶךְthe length ofאַרְבָּעָהfourטְפָחִים.handbreadthsהַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersמִןfromהַבֶּגֶדthe clothאוֹorמִןfromהַשַּׂקthe sackclothאוֹorמִןfromהָעוֹרthe leatherכְּשִׁעוּרָןlike their measureלְטֻמְאָהfor ritual impurityכָּךְso isשִׁעוּרָןtheir measureלְהוֹצָאָה.for transferringהַבֶּגֶדthe clothשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeעַלbyשְׁלֹשָׁה.threeהַשַּׂקthe sackclothאַרְבָּעָהfourעַלbyאַרְבָּעָה.fourהָעוֹרthe leatherחֲמִשָּׁהfiveעַלbyחֲמִשָּׁה:five
This halacha defines the minimum quantities of various fibers, animal hairs, and fabrics that make one liable for the prohibition of transferring on Shabbos.
הל׳ יד
שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת עוֹר בְּשַׁבָּת לְפִי רָמַת עִבּוּדוֹHalacha 14 · The Measures of Carrying a Hide on Shabbos Based on Its Processing
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outעוֹרa hideשֶׁלֹּאthat notנִתְעַבֵּדwas processedכְּלָלat allאֶלָּאbutעֲדַיִןstillהוּאitרַךְis softשִׁעוּרוֹits measureכְּדֵיis enoughלָצוּרto wrapמִשְׁקלֶתa weightקְטַנָּהsmallשֶׁמִּשְׁקָלָהּwhose weightשֶׁקֶל.is a shekelהָיָהIf it wasמָלוּחַsaltedוַעֲדַיִןand stillלֹאnotנַעֲשָׂהtreatedבְּקֶמַחwith flourוְלֹאand notבְּעַפְּצָהwith gall-nutשִׁעוּרוֹits measureכְּדֵיis enoughלַעֲשׂוֹתto makeקָמֵעַ.an amuletהָיָהIf it wasעָשׂוּיtreatedבְּקֶמַחwith flourוַעֲדַיִןand stillלֹאnotנִתְעַבֵּדprocessedבְּעַפְּצָהwith gall-nutשִׁעוּרוֹits measureכְּדֵיis enoughלִכְתֹּבto writeעָלָיוupon itאֶת—הַגֵּט.a bill of divorceנִגְמַרIf was completedעִבּוּדוֹits processingשִׁעוּרוֹits measureחֲמִשָּׁהis fiveעַלbyחֲמִשָּׁה:five
This halacha defines the minimum size of a hide for which one is liable for carrying on Shabbos, depending on whether it is unprocessed, salted, partially processed, or fully tanned.
הל׳ טו
שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת קְלָף וּנְיָר וּשְׁטָרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 15 · The Minimum Quantities for Transferring Parchment, Paper, and Documents on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersקְלָףk'lafמְעֻבָּדprocessedכְּדֵיenoughלִכְתֹּבto writeעָלָיוon itפָּרָשַׁתthe passage ofשְׁמַעShemaעַדuntilוּבִשְׁעָרֶיךָ.uvish'arechaדּוּכְסוּסְטוּסduchsustosכְּדֵיenoughלִכְתֹּבto writeעָלָיוon itמְזוּזָה.a mezuzahנְיָרpaperכְּדֵיenoughלִכְתֹּבto writeעָלָיוon itשְׁתֵּיtwoאוֹתִיּוֹתlettersשֶׁלofקֶשֶׁרa receipt ofמוֹכְסִיןcustoms officersשֶׁהֵןwhich areגְּדוֹלוֹתlargerמֵאוֹתִיּוֹתthan lettersשֶׁלָּנוּ.of oursהַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersקֶשֶׁרa receipt ofמוֹכְסִיןcustoms officersחַיָּבis liableאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁכְּבָרthat alreadyהֶרְאָהוּhe showed itלַמּוֹכֵסto the customs officerוְנִפְטַרand was exemptedבּוֹwith itשֶׁהֲרֵיsinceרְאָיָהproofהִיאit isלְעוֹלָם.foreverהַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersשְׁטָרa promissory noteפָּרוּעַthat is paidוּנְיָרor paperמָחוּקerasedכְּדֵיenoughלִכְרֹךְto wrapעַלoverפִּיthe mouth ofצְלוֹחִיתa flaskקְטַנָּהsmallשֶׁלofפְּלַיָּיטוֹן.perfume oilוְאִםand ifיֵשׁthere isבַּלֹּבֶןin the blank spaceשֶׁלּוֹof itכְּדֵיenoughלִכְתֹּבto writeשְׁתֵּיtwoאוֹתִיּוֹתlettersשֶׁלofקֶשֶׁרa receipt ofמוֹכְסִיןcustoms officersחַיָּב:he is liable
This halacha defines the minimum sizes of parchment, paper, and receipts that make one liable for transferring them between domains on Shabbos.
הל׳ טז
הַמּוֹצִיא בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים וְאָדָם חַי בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 16 · Transferring Animals and Living Human Beings on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersבְּהֵמָהa domestic animalחַיָּהa wild animalוְעוֹףor a birdאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהֵןthat theyחַיִּיםare aliveחַיָּב.is liableאֲבָלbutאָדָםa humanחַיlivingאֵינוֹis notמַשּׂאוֹי.a burdenוְאִםand ifהָיָהhe wasכָּפוּתboundאוֹorחוֹלֶהsickהַמּוֹצִיאone who transfersאוֹתוֹhimחַיָּב.is liableוְהָאִשָּׁהand a womanמְדַדָּהmay walkאֶת—בְּנָהּher sonבִּזְמַןat a timeשֶׁנּוֹטֵלthat he liftsאַחַתoneוּמַנִּיחַand places downאַחַת:one
This halacha explains the liability for carrying living creatures on Shabbos, distinguishing between animals and humans based on the principle that a living person carries themselves.
הל׳ יז
הַעֲבָרַת אָדָם הַלּוֹבֵשׁ בְּגָדִים וְנוֹשֵׂא חֲפָצִים בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 17 · Carrying a Person Wearing Clothes or Carrying Objects on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersתִּינוֹקa childחַיlivingוְכִיסand a purseתָּלוּיhangingבְּצַוָּארוֹon his neckחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofהַכִּיסthe purseשֶׁאֵיןfor notהַכִּיסis the purseטְפֵלָהsubsidiaryלַתִּינוֹק.to the childאֲבָלbutאִםifהוֹצִיאhe transferredאֶת—הַגָּדוֹלan adultאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהוּאthat heמְלֻבָּשׁis dressedבְּכֵלָיוin his garmentsוְטַבְּעוֹתָיוand his ringsבְּיָדוֹare on his handפָּטוּרhe is exemptשֶׁהַכּלfor everythingטְפֵלָהis subsidiaryלוֹ.to himהָיוּif they wereכֵּלָיוhis garmentsמְקֻפָּלִיןfoldedעַלonכְּתֵפוֹhis shoulderהַנּוֹשֵׂאthe one who carriesאוֹתוֹhimחַיָּב:is liable
This halacha discusses the liability of carrying a living person who is wearing clothes or carrying a purse on Shabbos.
הל׳ יח
שִׁעוּר הוֹצָאַת חָגָב וּנְבֵלָה וְשֶׁרֶץ בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 18 · The Minimum Measures for Carrying Out Locusts, Carcasses, and Crawling Animals on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outחָגָבa locustחַיaliveכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא.·וּמֵתand deadכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת.like a dried figצִפֹּרֶתa birdכְּרָמִיםof vineyardsבֵּיןwhetherחַיָּהaliveבֵּיןwhetherמֵתָהdeadכָּלanyשֶׁהוּא·מִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁמַּצְנִיעִיןthat they storeאוֹתָהּitלִרְפוּאָה.for medicineוְכֵןand soכָּלanyכַּיּוֹצֵאsimilarבָּהּ.to itהַמֵּתa corpseוְהַנְּבֵלָהand a carcassוְהַשֶּׁרֶץand a crawling animalכְּשִׁעוּרlike the measure ofטֻמְאָתָןtheir impurityכָּךְso isשִׁעוּרthe measure ofהוֹצָאָתָן.their carrying outמֵתa corpseוּנְבֵלָהand a carcassכְּזַיִתlike an oliveוְשֶׁרֶץand a crawling animalכַּעֲדָשָׁה:like a lentil
This halacha defines the minimum sizes for which one is liable for carrying out live or dead locusts, corpses, carcasses, and crawling animals on Shabbos.
הל׳ יט
הַמּוֹצִיא כַּחֲצִי זַיִת מִכְּזַיִת מְצֻמְצָם בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 19 · Carrying Out Half an Olive-Size from a Minimum Measure of Impurity on Shabbos
הָיָהIf there wasשָׁםthereכְּזַיִתlike an olive-sizeמְצֻמְצָםexactlyוְהוֹצִיאand he carried outמִמֶּנּוּfrom itכַּחֲצִיlike halfזַיִתan oliveחַיָּבhe is liableשֶׁהֲרֵיbecause beholdהוֹעִילhe was effectiveבְּמַעֲשָׂיוin his actionsשֶׁנִּתְמַעֵטthat was diminishedהַשִּׁעוּרthe minimum measureמִלְּטַמֵּא.from conveying impurityאֲבָלbutאִםifהוֹצִיאhe carried outכַּחֲצִיlike halfזַיִתan oliveמִכְּזַיִתfrom an olive-sizeוּמֶחֱצָהand a halfפָּטוּר.he is exemptוְכֵןand soכָּלallכַּיּוֹצֵאthat is similarבָּזֶהto thisבִּשְׁאָרregarding the rest ofהַטֻּמְאוֹת:the impurities
This halacha discusses the liability of carrying out a partial measure of impurity on Shabbos when that act reduces the remaining source below the minimum threshold required to convey impurity.
הל׳ כ
הַמּוֹצִיא חֵפֶץ לְצֹרֶךְ מְיֻחָד בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 20 · Carrying Out an Object for a Specific Purpose on Shabbos
בַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidשֶׁאֵינוֹthat he is notחַיָּבliableאֶלָּאexceptעַלforהַהוֹצָאָהthe carrying outכַּשִּׁעוּר,according to the measureכְּשֶׁהוֹצִיאwhen he carried outסְּתָם.without specificationאֲבָלbutהַמּוֹצִיאone who carries outלְזֶרַעfor seedאוֹorלִרְפוּאָהfor medicineאוֹorלְהַרְאוֹתto showמִמֶּנּוּfrom itדֻּגְמָאan exampleוּלְכָלand for allכַּיּוֹצֵאthat is similarבָּזֶהto thisחַיָּבhe is liableבְּכָלfor any amountשֶׁהוּא:that it is
This halacha explains that while standard carrying requires a minimum measure to incur liability, carrying for a specific intent like planting or medicine makes one liable for any amount.
הל׳ כא
הַמּוֹצִיא דָּבָר הַמֻּצְנָע לִזְרִיעָה וְלִרְפוּאָהHalacha 21 · Carrying Out Stored Items for Sowing or Medicine
הַמַּצְנִיעַOne who storesדָּבָרa thingלִזְרִיעָהfor sowingאוֹorלִרְפוּאָהfor medicineאוֹorלְדֻגְמָאfor a sampleוְשָׁכַחand forgotלָמָּהwhyהִצְנִיעוֹhe stored itוְהוֹצִיאוֹand carried it outסְתָםwithout specificationחַיָּבis liableעָלָיוfor itבְּכָלin anyשֶׁהוּאamountשֶׁעַלfor onדַּעַתthe basis ofמַחֲשָׁבָהthe thoughtרִאשׁוֹנָהoriginalהוֹצִיא.he carried it outוּשְׁאָרand otherהָאָדָםpeopleאֵיןare notחַיָּבִיןliableעָלָיוfor itאֶלָּאexceptכְּשִׁעוּרוֹ.according to its measureזָרַקIf he threwזֶהthisשֶׁהוֹצִיאwhich he carried outכְּבָרalreadyלְתוֹךְintoהָאוֹצָרthe storehouseאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁמְּקוֹמוֹits placeנִכָּרis recognizableכְּבָרalreadyבָּטְלָהnullified isמַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹhis thoughtהָרִאשׁוֹנָה.the originalלְפִיכָךְthereforeאִםifחָזַרhe returnedוְהִכְנִיסוֹand brought it inאֵינוֹhe is notחַיָּבliableעַדuntilשֶׁיַּכְנִיסhe brings inכַּשִּׁעוּר:like the measure
This halacha discusses the liability of carrying out a stored item of any size based on one's original intent, and when that intent is considered nullified.
הל׳ כב
הַמּוֹצִיא דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְהַצְנִיעַHalacha 22 · Carrying Out an Item Not Fit for Storing on Shabbos
דָּבָרAn itemשֶׁאֵיןthat there is noדֶּרֶךְwayבְּנֵיof peopleאָדָם·לְהַצְנִיעוֹto store itוְאֵינוֹand it is notרָאוּיfitלְהַצְנִיעַto storeכְּגוֹןsuch asדַּםblood ofהַנִּדָּהthe niddahאִםifהִצְנִיעוֹstored itאֶחָדoneוְהוֹצִיאוֹand carried it outחַיָּב.he is liableוּשְׁאָרbut the rest ofהָאָדָםthe peopleפְּטוּרִיןare exemptעָלָיו.on itשֶׁאֵיןfor they are notחַיָּבִיןliableאֶלָּאexceptעַלforהוֹצָאַתcarrying out ofדָּבָרan itemהַכָּשֵׁרthat is fitלְהַצְנִיעַto storeוּמַצְנִיעִיןand they storeכָּמוֹהוּ:like it
One is only liable for carrying out an item that is fit to be stored and commonly stored, unless a specific individual deemed it valuable enough to store.
הל׳ כג
הַעֲבָרַת חֲצִי שִׁעוּר וְצֵרוּף חֲצָאֵי שִׁעוּרִים בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 23 · Combining Half Measures of Forbidden Labor on Shabbos
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureפָּטוּר.is exemptוְכֵןand soכָּלanyהָעוֹשֶׂהone who performsמְלָאכָהlaborמִןfromהַמְּלָאכוֹתthe laborsחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureפָּטוּר.is exemptהוֹצִיאIf he transferredחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureוְהִנִּיחוֹand placed it downוְחָזַרand returnedוְהוֹצִיאand transferredהַחֵצִיthe halfהָאַחֵרotherחַיָּב.he is liableוְאִםand ifקָדַםhe precededוְהִגְבִּיהַּand liftedהַחֵצִיthe halfהָרִאשׁוֹןfirstקֹדֶםbeforeהַנָּחַתthe placing ofהַחֵצִיthe halfהַשֵּׁנִיsecondנַעֲשָׂהit becomesכְּמִיlike oneשֶׁנִּשְׂרַףthat was burnedוּפָטוּר.and he is exemptהוֹצִיאIf he transferredחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureוְהִנִּיחוֹand placed it downוְחָזַרand returnedוְהוֹצִיאand transferredחֵצִיhalfאַחֵרanotherוְהֶעֱבִירוֹand passed itעַלoverהָרִאשׁוֹןthe firstבְּתוֹךְwithinשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeחַיָּב.he is liableשֶׁהַמַּעֲבִירfor the one who passesכְּמִיis like oneשֶׁהִנִּיחַwho placedעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofמַשֶּׁהוּ.somethingאֲבָלbutאִםifזְרָקוֹhe threw itאֵינוֹhe is notחַיָּבliableעַדuntilשֶׁיָּנוּחַit restsשָׁםthereעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofמַשֶּׁהוּ:something
This halacha discusses the liability of performing half of a prescribed measure of melacha and whether two separate half-measures can combine to create liability.
הל׳ כד
הַעֲבָרַת חֲצִי שִׁעוּר וְצֵרוּף רְשׁוּיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 24 · Combining Two Half-Measures Transferred to Different Domains on Shabbos
הוֹצִיאOne who transferredחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureוְחָזַרand returnedוְהוֹצִיאand transferredחֲצִיhalfשִׁעוּרa measureבְּהֵעָלֵםin an unawarenessאַחַתsingleלִרְשׁוּתto a domainאַחַתsingleחַיָּב.is liableלִשְׁתֵּיTo twoרְשׁוּיוֹתdomainsאִםifיֵשׁthere isבֵּינֵיהֶןbetween themרְשׁוּתa domainשֶׁחַיָּבִיןthat one is liableעָלֶיהָfor itפָּטוּר.he is exemptהָיְתָהIf there wasבֵּינֵיהֶןbetween themכַּרְמְלִיתa carmelitהֲרֵיbeholdהֵןtheyכִּרְשׁוּתare like a domainאַחַתsingleוְחַיָּבand he is liableחַטָּאת:a sin offering
This halacha discusses whether transferring two half-measures of an object at different times or to different domains combines to make one liable for a Shabbos violation.
הל׳ כה
הַעֲבָרַת פָּחוֹת מִכַּשִּׁעוּר שֶׁנִּתְפַּח אוֹ צָמַק קֹדֶם הַנָּחָהHalacha 25 · Transferring Less Than the Prescribed Measure Which Swells or Diminishes Before Placement
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersפָּחוֹתlessמִכַּשִּׁעוּרthan the measureוְקֹדֶםand beforeשֶׁיַּנִּיחוֹthat he places itנִתְפַּחit swelledוְחָזַרand became againכַּשִּׁעוּר.like the measureוְכֵןand similarlyהַמּוֹצִיאone who transfersכַּשִּׁעוּרlike the measureוְקֹדֶםand beforeשֶׁיַּנִּיחַthat he placesצָמַקit shriveledוְחָזַרand became againפָּחוֹתlessמִכַּשִּׁעוּרthan the measureפָּטוּר:is exempt
This halacha teaches that the minimum measure for carrying on Shabbos must exist continuously from the moment of lifting until the moment of placing.
הל׳ כו
הַמּוֹצִיא פָּחוֹת מִכַּשִּׁעוּר וְהִשְׁתַּנָּה הַשִּׁעוּר אוֹ הַמַּחֲשָׁבָהHalacha 26 · Carrying Out an Item Whose Size or Intended Purpose Changes Before Placing It Down
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who carries outכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingוְצָמְקָהand it shriveledקֹדֶםbeforeהַנָּחָהplacing downוְחָשַׁבand he thoughtעָלֶיהָabout itלִזְרִיעָהfor sowingאוֹorלִרְפוּאָהfor medicineשֶׁאֵינוֹwhich does notצָרִיךְrequireשִׁעוּרa measureהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthis oneחַיָּבis liableכְּמַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹaccording to his thoughtשֶׁלofעֵתthe time ofהַנָּחָה.placing downהוֹצִיאHe carried outפָּחוֹתlessמִכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתthan like a dried figלִזְרִיעָהfor sowingוְקֹדֶםand beforeהַנָּחָהplacing downחָזַרhe retractedוְחָשַׁבand thoughtעָלֶיהָabout itלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingפָּטוּר.he is exemptוְאִםand ifתָּפְחָהit swelledקֹדֶםbeforeהַנָּחָהplacing downוְנַעֲשֵׂיתand becameכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figקֹדֶםbeforeשֶׁיִּמָּלֵךְhe reconsideredעָלֶיהָabout itלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingחַיָּב.he is liableשֶׁאֲפִלּוּfor even ifלֹאnotחִשֵּׁבhe had thoughtהָיָהhe wouldמִתְחַיֵּבbe liableעַלforמַחְשֶׁבֶתthe thought ofהַהוֹצָאָה:the carrying out
This halacha discusses liability when the size of a carried object or the person's intent for it changes between the acts of lifting and placing.
הל׳ כז
סְפֵקוֹת בְּשִׁעוּר הוֹצָאָה שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּנָּה אוֹ שֶׁהִשְׁלִים לְטֻמְאָהHalacha 27 · Doubts Regarding a Transferred Measure that Changed or Completed a Measure of Impurity
הוֹצִיאOne who transferredכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶתlike a dried figלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingוְצָמְקָהand it shriveledוְחָזְרָהand returnedוְתָפְחָהand swelledקֹדֶםbeforeהַנָּחָהplacing downהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisסָפֵקis a doubtאִםifנִדְחָהit is rejectedאוֹorלֹאnotנִדְחָה.rejectedזָרַקOne who threwכְּזַיִתlike an oliveאֳכָלִיןof foodלְבַיִתinto a houseטָמֵאthat is impureוְהִשְׁלִיםand completedכְּזַיִתthisזֶהlike an oliveלָאֳכָלִיםto the foodsשֶׁהָיוּthat wereשָׁםthereוְנַעֲשָׂהand becameהַכּלthe wholeכְּבֵיצָהlike an eggהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisסָפֵקis a doubtאִםifנִתְחַיֵּבhe is liableעַלforכְּזַיִתthe olive bulkמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהִשְׁלִיםhe completedהַשִּׁעוּרthe measureלְעִנְיַןregardingטֻמְאָהimpurityאוֹorלֹאnotנִתְחַיֵּב:liable
This halacha discusses unresolved Talmudic doubts regarding whether a person is liable for transferring food whose volume fluctuated during the transfer, or which completed a halachic measure for impurity.
הל׳ כח
הַמּוֹצִיא פָּחוֹת מִכַּשִּׁעוּר בִּכְלִי וְדִין טְפֵלָה בְּהוֹצָאָהHalacha 28 · Transferring Less Than the Shiur in a Utensil and the Concept of Secondary Items
הַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersפָּחוֹתlessמִכַּשִּׁעוּרthan the shiurאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהוֹצִיאוֹhe transferred itבִּכְלִיin a utensilפָּטוּר.is exemptשֶׁהַכְּלִיfor the utensilטְפֵלָהis secondaryלוֹto itוְאֵיןand notכַּוָּנָתוֹhis intentionלְהוֹצָאַתis for the transfer ofהַכְּלִיthe utensilאֶלָּאbut ratherלְהוֹצָאַתfor the transfer ofמַהwhatשֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹis inside itוַהֲרֵיand beholdאֵיןthere is notבּוֹin itכַּשִּׁעוּר.like the shiurלְפִיכָךְThereforeאִםifהוֹצִיאhe transferredאָדָםa personחַיaliveשֶׁאֵינוֹwho is notכָּפוּתboundבְּמִטָּהon a bedפָּטוּרhe is exemptאַףevenעַלforהַמִּטָּהthe bedשֶׁהַמִּטָּהfor the bedטְפֵלָהis secondaryלוֹ.to himוְכֵןAnd soכָּלallכַּיּוֹצֵאsimilarבָּזֶה.to thisהַמּוֹצִיאOne who transfersקֻפַּתa chest ofהָרוֹכְלִיםperfumersאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁיֵּשׁthere areבָּהּin itמִינִיןkindsהַרְבֵּהmanyוַאֲפִלּוּand even ifהוֹצִיאָןhe transferred themבְּתוֹךְinsideכַּפּוֹhis palmאֵינוֹhe is notחַיָּבliableאֶלָּאexceptאַחַת.oneשֵׁםthe category ofהוֹצָאָהtransferאַחַתoneהִיא:it is
This halacha teaches that a container or bed is considered secondary to its contents or the person on it, meaning one is not liable for transferring them if the primary item does not meet the threshold of liability.
Chapter Summaryסִכּוּם
This chapter establishes the precise shiurim for hotza'ah, beginning with the rule that human food requires the size of a dried fig to incur Torah liability, excluding inedible parts like shells and stems. The Rambam then delineates the measures for liquids, including a quarter of a revi'it for wine, a cheekful for kosher milk, and specific smaller amounts for medicinal or cosmetic liquids like honey, oil, and dew. Finally, the halachos address animal fodder, setting the shiur based on the mouthful of the animal that typically eats it—such as a cow's mouthful for grain straw and a camel's mouthful for bean straw—while clarifying how these different species of fodder can combine to reach the larger, more lenient measure.
לְמַעֲשֶׂהWhat To Take Home
Look at how the Torah measures the melachah of carrying on Shabbos. The Rambam teaches us that you are only liable if you carry an amount that is useful and beneficial—whether it is a dried fig's volume of food, a tiny drop of oil to anoint a baby's toe, or even a single scrap of paper to write two letters. If it has no purpose or value to a person, the Torah does not consider it a completed act of creative work.
This contains a profound lesson for our entire avodah. In the eyes of Hashem, nothing is too small to be significant, provided it has purpose. We often look at our daily lives and think that only the massive, dramatic deeds count—the hours of uninterrupted learning or the huge acts of tzedakah. But the Torah is telling us that even the tiniest amount, if it serves a holy purpose, has immense weight and reality.
Just as a tiny drop of ink or a small piece of wood has its own halachic measure because it can accomplish something, so too does every single small mitzvah, every kind word, and every moment of holding back our anger. Hashem does not look for grand gestures alone; He values the small, purposeful acts of holiness that we carry into our daily lives.
Today, find one small, seemingly minor act of goodness—a quick smile to a family member, a single word of encouragement, or one minute of learning—and do it with complete focus, knowing that in the eyes of Hashem, even the smallest purposeful deed is of infinite value.