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מַדְרֵגַת הָאָדָם · THE ALTER OF NOVARDOKמַדְרֵגַת הָאָדָם · THE ALTER OF NOVARDOK

מַאֲמָר ב׳ · תִּקּוּן הַמִּדּוֹת

Mussar · Hebrew with Nikud and a Literal Translation
On This Pageאויפֿן בלאַט

This page teaches us a profound lesson about judging others and ourselves, explaining that even the yetzer hara and the yetzer tov, though they can't change their nature, are 'justified' in their consistent roles. But a person who flips between justifying the wicked and condemning the righteous, that's a great abomination, because he has the capacity to see both sides but chooses to distort the truth. We learn that true avodah means using our middos correctly, like being firm as a cedar when needed and soft as a reed at other times, always with a pure heart and without personal bias.

Nikud and the literal translation are a learning aid prepared by the editor (AI-assisted, pending review), not the sefer's own vowelization.אַלע הַקְדָּמוֹת, סִכּוּמִים, און הערות זענען דעם רעדאַקטאָר'ס באַמערקונגען און זענען נישט קיין טייל פונעם אָריגינעלן טעקסט.

נִמְצָא שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם, הַסָּנֵיגוֹר וְהַקָּטֵיגוֹר, יֻצְדְּקוּ לָנוּ.

It turns out that both of them, the defender and the accuser, will be justified for us.

הֲגַם שֶׁאֵינָם יְכוֹלִים לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּמִדּוֹתֵיהֶם,

Even though they are unable to use their middos,

כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָאֱמֶת דּוֹרֵשׁ, אֲבָל יַעַן שֶׁהֵם עוֹמְדִים עַל מִדּוֹתֵיהֶם לְעוֹלָם וְאֵינָם נוֹטִים מֵהֶם כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה לָכֵן יִצְדַּק בְּפָנֵינוּ מִטַּעַם זֶה אֲשֶׁר לֹא יוּכְלוּ לִשְׁבּוֹר אֶת טִבְעָם.

As the truth demands, but since they stand by their traits forever and do not deviate from them by a hair's breadth, therefore it will be justified before us for this reason that they cannot break their nature.

אֲבָל לוּ יְצֻיַּר אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה אָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי הַכֹּחוֹת הוּא יָכוֹל לִהְיוֹת קָטֵגוֹר,

But if we were to imagine that there would be one person who has both forces, he could be an accuser,

וְהוּא יָכוֹל לִהְיוֹת סָנֵגוֹר,

And he can be a defender,

וְהוּא מְהַפֵּךְ אוֹתָם שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹמָם,

And he overturns them not in their place,

כִּי הוּא מַצְדִּיק אֶת הָרָשָׁע וּמַרְשִׁיעַ אֶת הַצַּדִּיק,

for he justifies the wicked and condemns the righteous,

אָז אֵין לוֹ שׁוּם אֶמְתָּלָא לְתָרֵץ אֶת הַהִשְׁתַּמְּשׁוּת שֶׁלּוֹ,

So he has no excuse at all to justify his usage,

יַעַן כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת יָכוֹל לְמַלֵּא שְׁנֵי הַתַּפְקִידִים שֶׁל קָטֵגוֹר וְגַם שֶׁל סָנֵגוֹר.

Because in truth he can fulfill both roles, that of prosecutor and also that of defender.

אָמְנָם הוּא מְהַפֵּךְ אוֹתָם.

Indeed, he transforms them.

זֶהוּ תּוֹעֵבָה גְּדוֹלָה אֲשֶׁר לֹא יוּכַל הַדַּעַת לְסוֹבְלוֹ.

This is a great abomination that the mind cannot tolerate.

וְזֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב מַצְדִּיק רָשָׁע.

And this is what the verse states, 'He who justifies the wicked.'

יֵשׁ לִפְעָמִים מַצְדִּיק רָשָׁע, אֲשֶׁר הוּא תָּמִיד מַצְדִּיק,

Sometimes there is one who justifies the wicked, who always justifies,

וְגַם אֶת הַצַּדִּיק הוּא מַצְדִּיק,

And also the tzaddik, he justifies.

וְלֹא נוּכַל לִתְבֹּעַ מִמֶּנּוּ כָּל כָּךְ כִּי טִבְעוֹ כָּךְ הוּא.

And we cannot demand so much from him, for such is his nature.

וְכֵן יֵשׁ מַרְשִׁיעַ צַדִּיק, אֲבָל תָּמִיד הוּא מַרְשִׁיעַ וְגַם הָרָשָׁע הוּא מַרְשִׁיעַ וְלֹא נוּכַל לִתְבֹּעַ מִמֶּנּוּ כָּל כָּךְ,

And so too, there is one who makes a tzaddik wicked, but he is always making wicked, and also the wicked person, he is making wicked, and we cannot demand so much from him,

כִּי טִבְעוֹ כָּךְ הוּא, תּוֹעֲבַת ה' גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם,

For such is its nature, both of them are an abomination to Hashem,

מִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה שְׁנֵיהֶם הוּא מַצְדִּיק אֶת הָרָשָׁע וְהוּא מַרְשִׁיעַ אֶת הַצַּדִּיק,

One who does both of them, he justifies the wicked and he condemns the righteous,

כִּי לֹא יוּכַל אָז לַעֲנוֹת כִּי טִבְעוֹ כָּךְ הוּא,

For he will not be able then to answer, because his nature is thus,

הֲלֹא נוֹטֶה לִרְאוֹת כָּל הַצְּדָדִין,

Is he not inclined to see all sides,

וּבְכָל זֹאת הוּא מְהַפֵּךְ אֶת מִדּוֹתָיו כִּי בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁרָאוּי לְהַצְדִּיק הוּא מַרְשִׁיעַ וּבִמְקוֹם שֶׁרָאוּי לְהַרְשִׁיעַ שָׁם הוּא מַצְדִּיק אָז תּוֹעֲבַת ה' הוּא,

And despite all this, he overturns his character traits, for in a place where it is proper to justify, he condemns, and in a place where it is proper to condemn, there he justifies, then he is an abomination to Hashem.

הִיא רְאָיָה בְּרוּרָה אֲשֶׁר הוּא רָחוֹק מִן הָאֱמֶת וְאוֹהֵב אֶת הָרֶשַׁע וְשׂוֹנֵא אֶת הַצֶּדֶק.

It is clear proof that he is far from the truth, and loves evil, and hates righteousness.

וְלָכֵן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי הַכֹּחוֹת וְיָכוֹל לְהַצְדִּיק אֶת הַצַּדִּיק וּלְהַרְשִׁיעַ אֶת הָרָשָׁע,

And therefore, even though he has both powers and can justify the righteous and condemn the wicked,

בְּכָל זֹאת הוּא מְהַפְּכָם לְפִי שֶׁרָשָׁע הוּא,

Nevertheless, he overturns them because he is wicked,

וְהוּא נוֹטֶה לְמִינוֹ, אוֹ כִּי לָקַח שֹׁחַד וְהִטָּה אֶת דַּעְתּוֹ,

And he inclines to his kind, or because he took a bribe and swayed his opinion,

וְאָז הַתְּבִיעָה עֲצוּמָה עָלָיו מִפְּנֵי מַה לָּקַח אֶת הַשֹּׁחַד כִּי זֶה הָיָה בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁלֹּא לִיקַּח וְלִרְאוֹת אֶת הָאֱמֶת.

And then the claim against him is immense: why did he take the bribe? For it was in his hand not to take it and to see the truth.

וְזֶה שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲזַ"ל:

And this is what Chazal said:

רְשָׁעִים כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוֹפְכִים מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם מִיָּד הֵן כָּלִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר הֲפֹךְ רְשָׁעִים וְאֵינָם.

When wicked people turn their deeds, immediately they are consumed, as it is stated, 'Overturn the wicked and they are no more.'

וְזֶה נִקְרָא הוֹפְכִין מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּמִדּוֹתָיו בִּמְקוֹמָם,

And this is called 'they reverse their deeds,' that he does not use his middos in their proper place,

וְאַף שֶׁבְּאוֹפֶן הַשִּׁמּוּשׁ יֵשׁ מָקוֹם לִטְעוֹת וְהַכֹּל תָּלוּי בְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה,

And even though in the manner of its use there is room to err, and everything hangs by a hair's breadth,

וְרַק אִם מַבִּיט בְּעַיִן אֲמִתִּי יִרְאֶה הַדָּבָר לַאֲמִתּוֹ.

And only if one looks with a true eye will he see the matter in its truth.

לֹא כֵן אִם נוֹטֶה לִרְאוֹת כִּרְצוֹנוֹ אָז יוּכַל גַּם בְּכָל פְּעֻלָּה לִרְאוֹת מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצֶה,

Not so, if one tends to see according to his will, then he will also be able to see in every action whatever he desires,

וְהוּא מָסוּר אֶל לִבּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם,

And it is given over to the heart of a person,

וְצָרִיךְ הָאָדָם לְבָרֵר הַכְרָעוֹתָיו מֵאֵיזֶה מָקוֹר הֵם נוֹבְעִים וְאִם יָבוֹא לְבַקֵּר וְלִפְסֹל מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁל זוּלָתוֹ יַחְשֹׁד עַצְמוֹ שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ לוֹ נְטִיָּה לִרְאוֹת הַחוֹב וּכְשֶׁנּוֹטֶה לְהֵפֶךְ בִּזְכוּת עַל מַעֲשֶׂה זוּלָתוֹ הַבִּלְתִּי נְכוֹנָה יַחְדֹּר בִּפְנִימִיּוּת שֶׁלּוֹ וְיַחְשֹׁב בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁמָּא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֶה לַשֶּׁקֶר אִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לְקַנֵּא גַּם בְּזוּלָתוֹ הַנּוֹטֶה מִדֶּרֶךְ הָאֱמֶת וְיִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִטְעוֹת בְּשִׁקּוּל הַדַּעַת,

And a person needs to clarify his decisions, from what source they flow, and if he comes to criticize and disqualify an act of his fellow, he should suspect himself, perhaps he has a tendency to see the fault. And when he tends, on the contrary, to find merit in his fellow's incorrect act, he should penetrate into his inner self and think to himself, perhaps because he tends towards falsehood, it is impossible for him to be zealous even against his fellow who deviates from the path of truth, and he should be careful not to err in his judgment.

כִּי רַק הַזְּהִירוּת וְהַדִּקְדּוּק תְּאַפְשֵׁר לוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּמִדּוֹתָיו בִּמְקוֹמָם.

For only caution and precision will enable him to use his character traits in their proper place.

וּבְדִמְיוֹן בְּנוֹגֵעַ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּאֲמִיצוּת וּשְׁפֵלוּת,

And similarly, regarding using courage and lowliness,

יֵשׁ לִפְעָמִים שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הָאָדָם לִהְיוֹת קָשֶׁה כָּאֶרֶז,

There are times when a person needs to be as hard as a cedar,

עַד שֶׁכָּל רוּחוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם לֹא יָזִיזוּ אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ,

until all the winds in the world will not budge him from his place,

אֶלָּא יַעֲמֹד חָזָק שֶׁיִּקֹּב הַדִּין אֶת הָהָר,

Rather, he should stand strong, that the judgment should pierce the mountain,

וְלֹא יִתְפַּעֵל מִכָּל הַמַּפְרִיעִים וְלֹא יֵחַת מִפְּנֵי כֹּל.

And he should not be agitated by any of the disturbances, and he should not be intimidated by anyone.

וְלִפְעָמִים צָרִיךְ הָאָדָם לִהְיוֹת רַךְ כְּקָנֶה,

And sometimes a person needs to be soft like a reed,

אִם בָּא לוֹ אֶחָד מִן הַמְבַקְשִׁים,

If one of those who seek comes to him,

לְבָרֵר אֶת הַטָּעוּת שֶׁלּוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ בָּא לִסְתּוֹר אֶת הַכְּלָל שֶׁלּוֹ אֶלָּא לְהָעִיר אוֹתוֹ בְּדָבָר מַה,

to clarify his error, and he does not come to contradict his rule, but rather to enlighten him about something,

וּלְבָרְרוֹ בְּכָל הָעִנְיָנִים שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה,

and to clarify it in all the matters that he does,

אוֹ מַה שֶּׁצָּרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּגֶדֶר בֵּרוּר,

or what needs to be done in the category of clarification,

לֹא בְּגֶדֶר קַבְּלוּ דַּעְתּוֹ, כִּי אָז צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת רַךְ כְּקָנֶה,

Not in the category of 'accept his opinion,' for then one must be soft like a reed,

וְהָאָדָם מַחְלִיף אֶת מִדּוֹתָיו לִפְנֵי אַנְשֵׁי הֶהָמוֹן הוּא רַךְ כְּקָנֶה וְיִתְפָּעֵל וְיִמּוֹס מִכָּל הַבִּקֹּרֶת שֶׁלָּהֶם וְלִפְנֵי הַמְבַקְשִׁים הוּא קָשֶׁה כְּאֶרֶז וְאֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה לְהוֹדוֹת עַל הָאֱמֶת.

And a person changes his character traits: before the masses, he is soft like a reed, and he will be affected and melt from all their criticism; but before those who seek the truth, he is hard like a cedar and does not want to admit the truth.

וְהַהַכְרָעָה הַזֹּאת תְּלוּיָה גַּם כֵּן בְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה וְיָכוֹל לִטְעוֹת בְּקַל שֶׁבְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יִרְצֶה לְהוֹדוֹת יֹאמַר כִּי זֶה הוּא דַּעַת הֶהָמוֹן וּבְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לוֹ נְטִיָּה לְהוֹדוֹת יֹאמַר כִּי זֶה הוּא דַּעַת מְבַקְּשֵׁי הָאֱמֶת,

And this decision also hangs by a hair's breadth, and one can easily err, that in any place where he will not want to admit, he will say that this is the opinion of the masses, and in any place where he will have an inclination to admit, he will say that this is the opinion of those who seek truth,

וּמוּטָל עַל הָאָדָם עֲבוֹדָה גְּדוֹלָה וְרַבָּה לְבָרֵר מִדּוֹתָיו וּלְבַחֹן הַרְבֵּה עַד שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַכְרִיעַ בְּכָל פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו וּלְהַטּוֹתָם מִשֶּׁקֶר לָאֱמֶת.

And a great and abundant avodah is placed upon a person to clarify his character traits and to examine much until he will be able to decide in all his actions and to incline them from falsehood to truth.

וְהָעִנְיָן בִּכְלָל בְּנוֹגֵעַ לְכָל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ יִתְחַלֵּק לְאַרְבָּעָה מַדְרֵגוֹת.

And the matter in general, regarding the entire Torah, will divide into four levels.

כִּי יֵשׁ אֱמֶת בְּצוּרַת אֱמֶת וְהוּא טוֹב בְּמוּחְלָט,

For there is truth in the form of truth, and it is absolutely good,

וְיֵשׁ שֶׁקֶר בְּצוּרַת שֶׁקֶר וְהוּא רַע בְּמוּחְלָט,

And there is falsehood in the form of falsehood, and it is absolutely evil,

כֵּן יֵשׁ אֱמֶת בְּצוּרַת שֶׁקֶר שֶׁהוּא טוֹב מְאֹד,

Indeed, there is truth in the form of falsehood that is very good,

וְיֵשׁ שֶׁקֶר בְּצוּרַת אֱמֶת שֶׁהוּא רַע מְאֹד.

And there is falsehood in the form of truth, which is very bad.

לְמָשָׁל, רַחֲמָנוּת בִּמְקוֹם רַחֲמָנוּת הוּא אֱמֶת בְּצוּרַת אֱמֶת,

For example, rachmanus in its proper place is emes in the form of emes,

שֶׁעֶצֶם הָרַחֲמָנוּת הוּא טוֹב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ,

that the essence of compassion is good in its place,

וְגַם הַצּוּרָה שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא טוֹב.

And also his form, it is good.

וְאַכְזָרִיּוּת בִּמְקוֹם רַחֲמָנוּת הִיא שֶׁקֶר בְּצוּרַת שֶׁקֶר,

And cruelty in place of mercy is falsehood in the form of falsehood,

כִּי בִּמְקוֹם רַחֲמָנוּת שָׁם יִתְאַכְזֵר אֵין לְךָ שֶׁקֶר גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה,

For in a place of rachmanus, there he will be cruel, you have no greater falsehood than this,

וְגַם הַצּוּרָה שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא שֶׁקֶר,

And also its form is a lie,

כִּי הָאַכְזָרִיּוּת הוּא דָּבָר גָּרוּעַ,

For cruelty is a bad thing,

וְהָאַכְזָרִיּוּת בִּמְקוֹם אַכְזָרִיּוּת הוּא אֱמֶת בְּצוּרַת שֶׁקֶר.

And cruelty in a place of cruelty is truth in the form of falsehood.

כִּי בִּמְקוֹם אַכְזָרִיּוּת לֹא צָרִיךְ לְעוֹרֵר אֶת רַחֲמָיו אֲפִלּוּ כְּחוּט הַשְׂעָרָה, וְאִם יִתְאַכְזֵר שָׁמָּה הוּא טוֹב מְאֹד.

For in a place of cruelty, one does not need to arouse his mercy even a hair's breadth, and if he acts cruelly there, it is very good.

אֲבָל הַצּוּרָה שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא שֶׁקֶר,

But its form is a lie,

כִּי צוּרַת הָאַכְזָרִיּוּת הִיא צוּרָה בִּלְתִּי יָפָה וּנְעִימָה,

For the form of cruelty is a form that is not beautiful and pleasant,

וְרַחֲמָנוּת בִּמְקוֹם אַכְזָרִיּוּת הוּא שֶׁקֶר בְּצוּרַת אֱמֶת.

And compassion in place of cruelty is a lie in the form of truth.

כִּי אָמְנָם הַצּוּרָה שֶׁל הָרַחֲמָנוּת הוּא דָּבָר טוֹב וֶאֱמֶת,

For indeed, the form of compassion is a good and true thing,

אֲבָל אִם יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ הָאָדָם בִּמְקוֹם אַכְזָרִיּוּת נִקְרָא שֶׁקֶר בְּצוּרַת אֱמֶת,

But if a person uses it in a place of cruelty, it is called a lie in the form of truth,

וְכֵיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּזֶה מָקוֹם לִטְעוֹת מְאֹד בָּעִנְיָנִים הָאֵלּוּ, צָרִיךְ הַרְבֵּה לְבָרֵר אֶת מִדּוֹתָיו לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל פְּעוּלָה עַל מְקוֹמוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא יַחֲלִיפֶנּוּ לֹא אֶת הַמָּקוֹם וְלֹא אֶת הַצּוּרָה.

And since there is in this much room to err in these matters, one needs very much to clarify his character traits, to do every action in its proper place, so that he will not exchange it, neither the place nor the form.

כִּי הָרַחְמָן יֹאמַר עַל כָּל הָרַחֲמָנוּת שֶׁלּוֹ שֶׁהוּא בִּמְקוֹם רַחֲמָנוּת וְהָאַכְזָר יֹאמַר עַל כָּל הָאַכְזָרִיּוּת שֶׁלּוֹ,

For the merciful one will say about all his mercy that it is in place of mercy, and the cruel one will say about all his cruelty,

כִּי הוּא בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְיַכְרִיעַ שֶׁהַשִּׁמּוּשׁ שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא בִּמְקוֹמוֹ לְפִי נְטִיּוֹתָיו וְצָרִיךְ בֵּרוּר בְּכָל זֶה לְבָרֵר הֵיטֵב אֶת הַמָּקוֹם וְאֶת הַנְּטִיָּה שֶׁלּוֹ.

For he is in his place and will decide that his use is in its place according to his inclinations, and clarification is needed in all this to clarify well his place and his inclination.

וְלָזֶה מָצִינוּ בְּחַזַ"ל אֲשֶׁר אֶחָד אָמַר לָמַדְתִּי לְבָרֵר מַעֲשַׂי כ"ה שָׁנָה,

And for this, we find in Chazal that one said, "I learned to clarify my deeds for twenty-five years,"

אִם נִסְתַּכֵּל בְּשִׁקּוּל הַדַּעַת הָרְגִילָה אֵצֶל הָאָדָם,

If we look at the regular consideration of a person,

נִמְצָא כִּי יֵשׁ בּוֹ שְׁנֵי מִינֵי מִשְׁקָלִים,

It is found that there are in him two kinds of weights,

אֲשֶׁר אֵינָם יוֹצְאִים מִדֵּי טָעוּת,

who do not emerge from error,

לְפַעֲמִים הוּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחָסֵר לוֹ הַהַכָּרָה הַבְּרוּרָה וּלְפַעֲמִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ נְגִיעָה וּבְדִמְיוֹן לַמַּשְׁקוֹלוֹת הַשּׁוֹנִים הָעֲשׂוּיִים לְצֹרֶךְ שִׁמּוּשׁ הָאָדָם בְּעִנְיְנֵי הַחָמְרִיִּים.

Sometimes it is because he lacks clear understanding, and sometimes because he has a personal interest, and it is similar to the various weights made for a person's use in material matters.

יֵשׁ מַאֲזָנִים שֶׁל אֲבָנִים, אֲשֶׁר הַמַּאֲזָנִים הוּא סְפִינָה גְּדוֹלָה,

There are scales of stones, where the scales are a large ship,

וּמִחוּץ לַסְפִינָה יֵשׁ רְשָׁמִים וּמַדְרֵגוֹת,

And outside the ship there are impressions and levels,

וְזוֹרְקִים שָׁמָּה הָאֲבָנִים וּלְפִי כָּבְדָּן כֵּן תֵּרֵד הַסְּפִינָה מַטָּה,

And they throw the stones there, and according to their weight, so the ship will descend downwards,

וְכַאֲשֶׁר תֵּרֵד הַסְּפִינָה יַעֲלֶה הַמַּיִם לַמַּדְרֵגוֹת וְאָז יֵשׁ סִימָן כַּמָּה יֵשׁ אֲבָנִים,

And when the ship descends, the water will rise to the steps, and then there is a sign of how many stones there are,

אִם יָרְדָה הַסְּפִינָה כָּל כָּךְ עַד שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה הַמַּיִם לַמַּדְרֵגָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה הוּא כָּךְ,

If the ship descended so much until the water reaches the first level, it is thus,

וְלַשְּׁנִיָּה הוּא כָּךְ וְכֵן הָלְאָה.

And for the second, it is like this, and so on.

וְיֵשׁ מֹאזְנַיִם אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁקוֹל בַּרְזֶל וְהַמֹּאזְנַיִם הַהִיא גַּם כֵּן גְּדוֹלָה בְּכַמּוּתָהּ וְהַמִּשְׁקוֹלוֹת גְּדוֹלִים בְּכַמּוּתָן.

And there are scales with which one weighs iron, and those scales are also large in their quantity, and the weights are large in their quantity.

כֵּן יֵשׁ מֹאזְנַיִם אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁקוֹל תֶּבֶן, וּמֹאזְנַיִם שֶׁל דָּגִים וּמֹאזְנַיִם שֶׁל אֹרֶז וְכַדּוֹמֶה.

So too, there are scales with which one weighs straw, and scales for fish, and scales for rice, and the like.

וְכָל אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר הַנִּמְדָּד בְּמִשְׁקָל יוֹתֵר דַּק יִהְיֶה גַּם הַמֹּאזְנַיִם דַּק,

And the more subtle the thing being measured by weight, so too the scales must be subtle,

עַד שֶׁאִם יִשְׁקוֹל זָהָב אָז יִהְיוּ הַמֹּאזְנַיִם דַּק וּמְדֻיָּק.

Until if he weighs gold, then the scales will be fine and precise.

וְכֵן הַמֹּאזְנַיִם אֲשֶׁר שׁוֹקֵל רְפוּאוֹת, לְפִי שְׁמִינֵי רְפוּאָה צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת מְדֻיָּק וּמְצֻמְצָם לֹא פָּחוֹת וְלֹא יוֹתֵר.

And so too the scales with which one weighs medicines, according to the types of medicine, it must be precise and exact, no less and no more.

גַּם הַמֹּאזְנַיִם הִיא דַּקָּה כָּזוֹ אֲשֶׁר תְּצַמְצֵם בְּמִשְׁקָלָהּ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה שָׁוֶה בְּדִיּוּק גָּדוֹל עִם הַמִּשְׁקוֹלוֹת.

Even the scale is so precise that it will reduce its weight to be exactly equal with the weights.

וְהַמֹּאזְנַיִם בְּעַצְמָהּ כָּל כַּף וָכַף הִיא שָׁוָה בְּשָׁוֶה עַל חוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה.

And the scales themselves, each pan is exactly equal, balanced on a hair's breadth.

וְזֶה פָּשׁוּט אִם יִקַּח אָדָם זָהָב אוֹ רְפוּאוֹת וְיִשְׁקוֹל עַל הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שֶׁל הַסְּפִינָה הֶעָשׂוּיָה לִשְׁקוֹל אֲבָנִים,

And this is simple: if a person takes gold or medicines and weighs them on the scales of a ship, which are made to weigh stones,

כִּי לִשְׂחוֹק יֵחָשֵׁב הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה,

For as a joke will this matter be considered,

וְהוּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַמֹּאזְנַיִם הַגַּסָּה אֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְגַמְרֵי לִשְׁקוֹל עַל יָדָם דְּבָרִים יִקְרֵי הָעֵרֶךְ אוֹ דְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר חַיֵּי הָאָדָם תָּלוּי בָּהֶם,

And this is because the coarse scales are not at all fitting to weigh with them things of precious value or things upon which a person's life depends,

וְאַף אִם יִשְׁקוֹל אֶת הַזָּהָב וְאֶת הָרְפוּאוֹת בְּמֹאזְנַיִם שֶׁל הָאַפְּטֵייק,

And even if he weighs the gold and the medicines with the scales of the pharmacy,

אִם יֵאָרַע אֲשֶׁר בַּמֹּאזְנַיִם גּוּפָא אֵין הַכַּפַּיִם שֶׁל הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שָׁוֶה בְּשָׁוֶה וְהַמַּחַט הָאֶמְצָעִי אֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד שָׁוֶה,

If it should happen that in the scale itself the pans of the scale are not exactly equal and the middle needle does not stand straight,

אֶלָּא יֵשׁ לוֹ הַכְרָעָה לְצַד אֶחָד,

Rather, he has a leaning to one side,

אָז גַּם כֵּן יִהְיֶה הַמִּשְׁקָל שֶׁקֶר.

Then also the scale will be false.

וְכֵן הוּא הָעִנְיָן בְּהַגִּיעַ לְמִדּוֹת נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁל הָאָדָם.

And so it is the matter when it comes to the character traits of a person's soul.

כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ הִיא רְפוּאָה לְחוֹלִי נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם,

For in truth, the entire Torah is a healing for the sickness of a person's soul,

וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּקַּח הָאָדָם מִן הַתּוֹרָה עַל פִּי מִדָּה וּמִשְׁקָל,

And a person needs to take from the Torah according to measure and weight,

כְּמוֹ שֶׁשֵּׂכֶל הַתּוֹרָה מוֹדֵד וְשׁוֹקֵל,

Just as the Torah's intellect measures and weighs,

אֲשֶׁר רַק הִיא הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שֶׁהִיא טוֹבָה מִכָּל הַצְּדָדִים,

that only it is the scales that are good from all sides,

הֵן מִצַּד הַמֹּאזְנַיִם, וְהֵן מִצַּד הַמַּחַט הָאֶמְצָעִי,

Both from the side of the scales, and from the side of the middle needle,

וּמִי הוּא הַמַּאֲזִינִים אֲשֶׁר הוּא שׁוֹקֵל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה הוּא רַק הָאָדָם שֶׁנִּמְסַר כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ לְשִׁקּוּל דַּעְתּוֹ,

And who is the one who weighs, who weighs the Torah? It is only man, to whom the entire Torah was given over for his consideration,

וְלָכֵן צְרִיכִין אֲשֶׁר כְּמוֹ בְּמִילֵי דְעָלְמָא יֵשׁ שְׁנֵי תְּנָאִים בַּדָּבָר,

And therefore we need, just as in worldly matters there are two conditions in a thing,

הָאֶחָד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַמֹּאזְנַיִם מִמִּין זֶה,

The first, that the scales should be of this type,

וְעוֹד שֶׁבַּמֹּאזְנַיִם גּוּפָא יִהְיֶה הַמַּחַט מְדֻיָּק הֵיטֵב,

And furthermore, that in the scale itself, the needle should be very precise,

בְּלִי שׁוּם הַכְרָעָה לִשְׁנֵי הַצְּדָדִים,

without any decision for either side,

כֵּן נִצְרָךְ לְשִׁקּוּל הַדַּעַת שֶׁל הָאָדָם שְׁנֵי תְּנָאִים הָאֵלּוּ:

Thus, for a person's deliberation, these two conditions are necessary:

הָאֶחָד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לוֹ הֶכְרֵחַ אֲמִתִּיּוּת וּמוּשָּׂג בָּרוּר בְּחִיּוּב שְׁלֵמוּת הָאָדָם בַּמִּדּוֹת וּבַדֵּעוֹת וְלֹא יַבִּיט עַל כָּל הַשְּׁלֵמוּת וְעַל בֵּרוּר הַמִּדּוֹת בִּשְׁאֵלָה שֶׁל מַה זֹּאת.

The first is that he should have a true necessity and a clear concept regarding the obligation of man's perfection in character traits and in outlooks, and he should not look upon all perfection and upon the clarification of character traits with a question of 'what is this?'

וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוּא אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִתְפּוֹס בְּמוֹחוֹ רַק חִיּוּב הַזְּהִירוּת מֵהַדְּבָרִים הַחֲמוּרִים בְּיוֹתֵר כְּמוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה,

And because he cannot grasp in his mind only the obligation of caution from the most severe matters, like avodah zarah,

גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים וְכַדּוֹמֶה,

forbidden relations and bloodshed and the like,

עַד שֶׁבְּנוֹגֵעַ לְחִיּוּבֵי הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁל מִצְוַת הַלְּבָבוֹת הוּא מַבִּיט כְּעַל מִדַּת חֲסִידוּת וְהַפְרָזָה יְתֵירָה,

until regarding the Torah obligations of the mitzvos of the hearts, he looks at it as a measure of piety and excessive exaggeration,

וְאֵינוֹ מֵשִׂים לִבּוֹ וּמְפַנֶּה דַּעְתּוֹ מִזֶּה כְּלָל,

and he does not set his heart and clear his mind from this at all,

וּמְשֻׁלָּל מִמֶּנּוּ אַף הַהַשָּׂגָה וְהַהֲבָנָה בְּעִנְיָנִים הָאֵלּוּ,

and he is stripped from it, even the grasp and the understanding in these matters,

וְזֶהוּ חִסָּרוֹן מִצַּד הַמֹּאזְנַיִם אֲשֶׁר יוּכַל לִשְׁקוֹל רַק אֲבָנִים וּבַרְזֶל וְכַדּוֹמֶה.

And this is a deficiency from the side of the scales, which can only weigh stones and iron and the like.

וְצָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת שִׁקּוּל דַּעְתּוֹ כְּמוֹ הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שֶׁל הָאַפְּטֵייקֶר אֲשֶׁר שׁוֹקֵל הַכֹּל בְּדִיּוּק יְתֵירָה וּמְצֻמְצָם וְלֹא יַחְטִיא גַּם בְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה,

And his judgment must be like the scales of the apothecary, who weighs everything with exceeding precision and exactness, and will not miss even by a hair's breadth,

וְהוּא מִמִּין זֶה, וְגַם הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שֶׁהוּא מִמִּין הָרְפוּאָה צָרִיךְ עוֹד לִתְנַאי אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה הַמַּחַט הָאֶמְצָעִי בְּלִי שׁוּם הַכְרָעָה לְאֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי הַצְּדָדִים,

And this is of that type, and also the scales, which are of the type of healing, still need the condition that the middle needle be without any leaning to one of the two sides,

אֶלָּא מְדֻיָּק הֵיטֵב בְּשָׁוֶה כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה.

Rather, it is precisely accurate, equal to a hair's breadth.

כֵּן יֵאָרַע אֵצֶל הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ לוֹ הַכָּרָה גְּדוֹלָה וְהַרְגָּשָׁה רְחָבָה בְּכָל עִנְיְנֵי בֵּרוּר הַמִּדּוֹת.

So too it will happen with a person who has great recognition and broad feeling in all matters of clarifying the middos.

אֲבָל הַחִסָּרוֹן הוּא מִצַּד הַנְּגִיעָה,

But the deficiency is from the side of personal interest,

מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ הַכְרָעָה לְאֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי הַצְּדָדִים,

because he has a leaning to one of the two sides,

וְלָכֵן אֲשֶׁר יָצָא מִן הַמֹּאזְנַיִם שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא שֶׁקֶר וּבִלְתִּי מְדֻיָּק.

And therefore, that which comes out from his scales is false and inaccurate.

What To Take From Itסִכּוּם

We must constantly examine our own hearts and actions, especially when judging others, to ensure we are not swayed by personal biases or desires. Just as a pharmacist needs precise scales for medicine, we need to cultivate a refined and unbiased mind to weigh our actions and the actions of others with absolute truth. This means not only understanding the importance of all mitzvos, even those of the heart, but also diligently guarding against any personal 'נגיעה' that might tip our internal scales away from emes.

מַאֲמָר ב׳ · תִּקּוּן הַמִּדּוֹת