Chapter Previewהַקְדָּמָה
In this chapter, we begin learning the halachos of sh'vut—the Rabbinic safeguards established by the Sages to protect the sanctity of Shabbos. The Torah commands us, "You shall cease activity," which the Sages understood as a mandate to restrict certain weekday actions that either resemble the primary melachos (avoth melacha) or could easily lead a person to perform them.
We will focus on several key areas where the Sages set up these fences. Specifically, we will learn about activities that might lead to leveling crevices in the ground (which violates the melacha of plowing), such as sweeping, playing certain games on unpaved ground, or clearing out a storeroom. We will also look at safeguards against sowing and reaping, such as drawing water with a pulley or climbing a tree.
All introductions, summaries, and contextual notes are the editor's commentary and are not part of the original text.אַלע הַקְדָּמוֹת, סִכּוּמִים, און הערות זענען דעם רעדאַקטאָר'ס באַמערקונגען און זענען נישט קיין טייל פונעם אָריגינעלן טעקסט.
הל׳ א
מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁל שְׁבִיתָה וּגְזֵרוֹת שְׁבוּת מִדְּרַבָּנָןHalacha 1 · The Positive Commandment of Ceasing Activity and Rabbinic Shvut Decrees
נֶּאֱמַרIt is saidבַּתּוֹרָהin the TorahשמותShemosכב23יב12שמותShemosלד34כא21"תִּשְׁבֹּת""you shall cease"אֲפִלּוּevenמִדְּבָרִיםfrom mattersשֶׁאֵינָןthat are notמְלָאכָהmelachaחַיָּבone is obligatedלִשְׁבֹּתto ceaseמֵהֶן.from themוּדְבָרִיםand mattersהַרְבֵּהmanyהֵןthey areשֶׁאָסְרוּthat forbadeחֲכָמִיםthe Sagesמִשּׁוּםbecause ofשְׁבוּת.shvutמֵהֶןsome of themדְּבָרִיםmattersאֲסוּרִיםforbiddenמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהֵןthat theyדּוֹמִיםresembleלִמְלָאכוֹתto melachosוּמֵהֶןand some of themדְּבָרִיםmattersאֲסוּרִיםforbiddenגְּזֵרָהas a decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאone will comeמֵהֶןfrom themאִסּוּרto a prohibition ofסְקִילָה.stoningוְאֵלּוּand theseהֵן:they are
This halacha establishes the Torah source for resting on Shabbos even from non-melacha activities, and introduces the concept of Rabbinic shvut prohibitions.
הל׳ ב
אִסּוּר הַשְׁוָאַת גֻּמּוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת וּגְזֵרוֹתֶיהָHalacha 2 · The Prohibition of Leveling Crevices on Shabbos and Its Rabbinic Safeguards
כָּלAnyoneהַמַּשְׁוֶהwho levelsגֻּמּוֹתcrevicesהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisחַיָּבliableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofחוֹרֵשׁ.plowingלְפִיכָךְThereforeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְהִפָּנוֹתto relieve oneselfבִּשְׂדֵהin a fieldהַנִּירָהplowedבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיַשְׁוֶהhe will levelגֻּמּוֹת.crevicesהַמְפַנֶּהOne who emptiesאֶת—הָאוֹצָרthe storeroomבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat heצָרִיךְneedsלוֹitלִדְבַרfor a matter ofמִצְוָהmitzvahכְּגוֹןsuch asשֶׁיַּכְנִיסthat he will bring inבּוֹitאוֹרְחִיםguestsאוֹorיִקְבַּעestablishבּוֹitמִדְרָשׁa house of studyלֹאnotיִגְמֹרshall he finishאֶת—כָּלall ofהָאוֹצָרthe storeroomשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאhe will comeלְהַשְׁווֹתto levelגֻּמּוֹת.crevicesטִיטMudשֶׁעַלthat is onגַּבֵּי·רַגְלוֹhis footמְקַנְּחוֹhe may wipe itבַּכֹּתֶלon the wallאוֹorבְּקוֹרָהon a beamאֲבָלbutלֹאnotבַּקַּרְקַעon the groundשֶׁמָּאlestיָבֹאhe will comeלְהַשְׁווֹתto levelגֻּמּוֹת.crevicesלֹאNotיָרֹקshall one spitבַּקַּרְקַעon the groundוְיָשׁוּףand rubבְּרַגְלוֹwith his footשֶׁמָּאlestיַשְׁוֶהhe will levelגֻּמּוֹת.crevicesוּמֻתָּרAnd it is permittedלִדְרֹסto step onהָרֹקthe spittleשֶׁעַלthat is onגַּבֵּי·קַרְקַעgroundוְהוֹלֵךְand walkלְפִיaccording toתֻּמּוֹ:his innocence
This halacha details the prohibition of leveling crevices in the ground, which is a subcategory of plowing, and the various Rabbinic decrees enacted to prevent it.
הל׳ ג
אִסּוּר שְׂחוֹק בֶּאֱגוֹזִים וְכִבּוּד וְהַדָּחַת קַרְקַע בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 3 · Prohibition of Playing with Nuts and Sweeping or Washing the Floor on Shabbos
נָשִׁיםWomenהַמְשַׂחֲקוֹתwho playבֶּאֱגוֹזִיםwith nutsוּשְׁקֵדִיםand almondsוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶןwith themאֲסוּרוֹתare forbiddenלְשַׂחֵקto playבָּהֶןwith themבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosשֶׁמָּאlestיָבֹאוּthey will comeלְהַשְׁווֹתto levelגֻּמּוֹת.crevicesוְאָסוּרAnd it is forbiddenלְכַבֵּדto sweepאֶת—הַקַּרְקַעthe groundשֶׁמָּאlestיַשְׁוֶהone will levelגֻּמּוֹתcrevicesאֶלָּאunlessאִם·כֵּן·הָיָהit wasרָצוּףpavedבַּאֲבָנִים.with stonesוּמֻתָּרAnd it is permittedלְזַלֵּףto sprinkleמַיִםwaterעַלuponגַּבֵּיthe surface ofהַקַּרְקַעthe groundוְאֵינוֹand he does notחוֹשֵׁשׁconcern himselfשֶׁמָּאlestיַשְׁוֶהhe will levelגֻּמּוֹתcrevicesשֶׁהֲרֵיsinceאֵינוֹhe does notמִתְכַּוֵּןintendלְכָךְ.for thisאֵיןWe do notסָכִיןsmear oil onאֶת—הַקַּרְקַעthe groundוַאֲפִלּוּand even ifהָיָהit wasרָצוּףpavedבַּאֲבָנִיםwith stonesוְאֵיןand we do notנוֹפְחִיןblowאוֹתוֹitוְאֵיןand we do notמְדִיחִיןwashאוֹתוֹitאֲפִלּוּevenבְּיוֹםon YomטוֹבTovכָּלallשֶׁכֵּןthe more soבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosשֶׁלֹּאso thatיַעֲשֶׂהhe will not doכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayוְיָבֹאand comeלְהַשְׁווֹתto levelגֻּמּוֹתcrevicesבִּזְמַןat the timeשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesכֵּןsoבְּמָקוֹםin a placeשֶׁאֵינוֹthat is notרָצוּף:paved
This halacha details the Rabbinic prohibitions enacted to prevent a person from leveling crevices in the ground on Shabbos.
הל׳ ד
פִּזּוּר תֶּבֶן בְּחָצֵר שֶׁנִּתְקַלְקְלָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 4 · Spreading Straw in a Soiled Courtyard on Shabbos
חָצֵרA courtyardשֶׁנִּתְקַלְקְלָהthat became ruinedבְּמֵימֵיby the waters ofהַגְּשָׁמִיםthe rainsמֵבִיאone may bringתֶּבֶןstrawוּמְרַדֶּהand spreadבָּהּ.in itוּכְשֶׁהוּאand when heמְרַדֶּהspreadsלֹאnotיְרַדֶּהshall he spreadלֹאnotבְּסַלwith a basketוְלֹאand notבְּקֻפָּהwith a containerאֶלָּאbutבְּשׁוּלֵיwith the underside ofהַקֻּפָּהthe containerשֶׁלֹּאso that notיַעֲשֶׂהhe will doכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayוְיָבֹאand he will comeלְהַשְׁווֹתto levelגֻּמּוֹת:crevices
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic restriction on spreading straw over mud in a courtyard to prevent a person from leveling crevices on Shabbos.
הל׳ ה
אִסּוּר הַשְׁקָיַת זְרָעִים וּשְׁאִיבָה בְּגַלְגַּלHalacha 5 · The Prohibition of Watering Seeds and Drawing Water with a Pulley
הַמַּשְׁקֶהOne who watersאֶת—הַזְּרָעִיםthe seedsחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofזוֹרֵעַ.sowingלְפִיכָךְThereforeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִשְׁאֹבto drawמִןfromהַבּוֹרthe pitבְּגַלְגַּלwith a pulleyגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיְמַלֵּאhe will fillלְגִנָּתוֹfor his gardenוּלְחֻרְבָּתוֹ.and for his ruinוּמִפְּנֵיand because ofזֶהthisאִםifהָיָהwasהַבּוֹרthe pitשֶׁלofגַּלְגַּלa pulleyבֶּחָצֵרin the courtyardמֻתָּרit is permittedלְמַלְּאוֹתto fillמִמֶּנּוּfrom itבַּגַּלְגַּל:with the pulley
Watering plants on Shabbos is a derivative of the melacha of sowing, which leads to restrictions on drawing water with a pulley.
הל׳ ו
אִסּוּר תּוֹלֵשׁ וְהַשִּׁמּוּשׁ בִּמְחֻבָּר לַקַּרְקַע בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 6 · The Prohibition of Detaching and Using Items Attached to the Ground on Shabbos
התּוֹלֵשׁOne who detachesחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofקוֹצֵר.reapingלְפִיכָךְThereforeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִרְדּוֹתto scrapeדְּבַשׁhoneyמִכַּוֶּרֶתfrom a beehiveבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat itכְּתוֹלֵשׁ.is like detachingאֵיןWe do notעוֹלִיןclimbבְּאִילָןon a treeבֵּיןwhetherלַחfreshבֵּיןor whetherיָבֵשׁdryוְאֵיןand we do notנִתְלִיןhangבְּאִילָןon a treeוְאֵיןand we do notנִסְמָכִיןleanבְּאִילָן.on a treeוְלֹאand notיַעֲלֶהmay one climbמִבְּעוֹדwhile it is yetיוֹםdayלֵישֵׁבto sitשָׁםthereכָּלallהַיּוֹםthe dayכֻּלּוֹ.entirelyוְאֵיןand we do notמִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁיןmake useבִּמְחֻבָּרof what is attachedלַקַּרְקַעto the groundכְּלָלat allגְּזֵרָהas a decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיִתְלֹשׁ:one will detach
This halacha explains the derivative of reaping which includes detaching any growth, and the Rabbinic safeguards enacted to prevent climbing or using trees on Shabbos.
הל׳ ז
אִסּוּר פֵּרוֹת שֶׁנָּשְׁרוּ וַהֲרָחַת הֲדַס וְאֶתְרוֹג בִּמְחֻבָּרHalacha 7 · The Prohibition of Fallen Fruits and Smelling Attached Myrtle and Esrog
פֵּרוֹתFruitsשֶׁנָּשְׁרוּthat fellבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְאָכְלָןto eat themעַדuntilמוֹצָאֵיthe departure ofשַׁבָּתShabbosגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיִתְלֹשׁ.one will detachהֲדַסA myrtleהַמְחֻבָּרthat is attachedמֻתָּרit is permittedלְהָרִיחַTo smellבּוֹitשֶׁאֵיןfor there is noהֲנָיָתוֹbenefit of itאֶלָּאexceptלְהָרִיחַto smellבּוֹitוַהֲרֵיand beholdרֵיחוֹits fragranceמָצוּי.is presentאֲבָלButאֶתְרוֹגan esrogוְתַפּוּחַand an appleוְכָלand anythingהָרָאוּיthat is fitלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְהָרִיחַto smellבּוֹitבִּמְחֻבָּרwhile attachedגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיָקֹץone will cutאוֹתוֹitלְאָכְלוֹ:to eat it
This halacha details the Rabbinic decrees forbidding the use of fallen fruits on Shabbos and smelling attached edible fruits, while permitting smelling attached non-edible fragrant plants.
הל׳ ח
אִסּוּר הִשְׁתַּמְּשׁוּת בְּשָׁרָשֵׁי אִילָן בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 8 · The Prohibition of Using the Roots of a Tree on Shabbos
אִילָןA treeשֶׁהָיוּthat wereשָׁרָשָׁיוits rootsגְּבוֹהִיןhighמִןfromהָאָרֶץthe groundשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeטְפָחִיםhandbreadthsאָסוּרit is forbiddenלֵישֵׁבto sitעֲלֵיהֶן.on themוְאִםand ifאֵינָןthey are notגְּבוֹהִיןhighשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeהֲרֵיbeholdהֵןtheyכָּאָרֶץ.are like the groundהָיוּIf they wereבָּאִיןcomingמִלְּמַעְלָהfrom aboveמִשְּׁלֹשָׁהfrom threeלְתוֹךְintoשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeמֻתָּרit is permittedלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁto make useבָּהֶן.of themהָיוּIf they wereגְּבוֹהִיןhighשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁצִּדָּןthat their sideאֶחָדoneשָׁוֶהis levelלָאָרֶץwith the groundאוֹorשֶׁיֵּשׁthat there isחָלָלa cavityתַּחְתֵּיהֶןunderneath themשְׁלֹשָׁהof threeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלֵישֵׁבto sitעֲלֵיהֶן:on them
This halacha defines the height at which tree roots are considered separate from the ground and thus forbidden to sit on.
הל׳ ט
אִסּוּר רְכִיבָה עַל בְּהֵמָה וַעֲלִיָּה בְּאִילָן בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 9 · Prohibition of Riding an Animal and Climbing a Tree on Shabbos
אֵיןWe do notרוֹכְבִיןrideעַלonגַּבֵּיthe back ofבְּהֵמָהan animalבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיַחְתֹּךְone will cutזְמוֹרָהa branchלְהַנְהִיגָהּ.to guide itוְאֵיןand we do notנִתְלִיןhangבִּבְהֵמָהfrom an animalוְלֹאand he may notיַעֲלֶהascendמִבְּעוֹדwhile it is stillיוֹםdayלֵישֵׁבto sitעָלֶיהָupon itבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosוְאֵיןand we do notנִסְמָכִיןleanלְצִדֵּיon the sides ofבְּהֵמָה.an animalוְצִדֵּיbut the sides ofצְדָדִיןsidesמֻתָּרִין.are permittedעָלָהIf one climbedבָּאִילָןa treeבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosבְּשׁוֹגֵגunintentionallyמֻתָּרhe is permittedלֵירֵד.to descendבְּמֵזִידintentionallyאָסוּרit is forbiddenלֵירֵד.to descendוּבִבְהֵמָהbut on an animalאֲפִלּוּevenבְּמֵזִידintentionallyיֵרֵדhe should descendמִשּׁוּםbecause ofצַעַרthe pain ofבַּעֲלֵיlivingחַיִּים.creaturesוְכֵןand likewiseפּוֹרְקִיןwe unloadהַמַּשּׂאוֹיthe burdenמֵעַלfrom uponהַבְּהֵמָהthe animalבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִשּׁוּםbecause ofצַעַרthe pain ofבַּעֲלֵיlivingחַיִּים:creatures
This halacha details the Rabbinic prohibitions against riding or using animals and climbing trees on Shabbos, along with leniencies granted to prevent pain to animals.
הל׳ י
פְּרִיקַת מַשָּׂא מִן הַבְּהֵמָה בְּשַׁבַּת וּמְנִיעַת צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּיםHalacha 10 · Unloading a Burden from an Animal on Shabbos and Preventing Pain to Animals
כֵּיצַד.Howהָיְתָהisבְּהֶמְתּוֹhis animalטְעוּנָהladenשָׁלִיףwith a sackשֶׁלofתְּבוּאָהgrainמַכְנִיסhe insertsרֹאשׁוֹhis headתַּחְתָּיוunderneath itוּמְסַלְּקוֹand shifts itלְצַדto the sideאַחֵרotherוְהוּאand itנוֹפֵלfallsמֵאֵלָיו.by itselfהָיָהIf he wasבָּאcomingמִןfromהַדֶּרֶךְthe journeyבְּלֵילon the night ofשַׁבָּתShabbosוּבְהֶמְתּוֹand his animalטְעוּנָה.was ladenכְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַwhen he arrivesלֶחָצֵרat the courtyardהַחִיצוֹנָהouterנוֹטֵלhe takesאֶת—הַכֵּלִיםthe vesselsהַנִּטָּלִיןthat are handledבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosוְשֶׁאֵינָןand those that are notנִטָּלִיןhandledמַתִּירhe untiesהַחֲבָלִיםthe ropesוְהַשַּׂקִּיןand the sacksנוֹפְלִין.fallהָיוּIf there wereבַּשַּׂקִּיןin the sacksדְּבָרִיםthingsהַמִּשְׁתַּבְּרִין.that breakאִםifהָיוּthey wereשַׂקִּיןsacksקְטַנִּיםsmallמֵבִיאhe bringsכָּרִיםpillowsוּכְסָתוֹתand blanketsוּמַנִּיחַand places themתַּחְתֵּיהֶןunderneath themוְהַשַּׂקִּיןand the sacksנוֹפְלִיןfallעַלuponהַכָּרִים.the pillowsשֶׁהֲרֵיfor beholdאִםifיִרְצֶהhe wishesלִשְׁלֹףto slip outהַכַּרthe pillowשׁוֹלֵףhe slips it outמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהַשַּׂקִּיםthe sacksקְטַנִּיםare smallוְקַלִּיםand lightוְנִמְצָאand it turns outשֶׁלֹּאthat he did notבָּטֵלnullifyהַכְּלִיthe vesselמֵהֵיכָנוֹ.from its readinessהָיְתָהIf it wasטְעוּנָהladenעֲשָׁשִׁיּוֹתwith lumpsשֶׁלofזְכוּכִיתglassמַתִּירhe untiesהַשַּׂקִּיםthe sacksוְהֵןand theyנוֹפְלִיןfallשֶׁאַףfor evenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁיִּשָּׁבְרוּthey will breakאֵיןthere is notבְּכָךְin thisהֶפְסֵדa lossגָּדוֹלgreatשֶׁהֲרֵיfor beholdהַכּלeverythingלְהַתָּכָהfor meltingעוֹמֵדstandsוּלְהֶפְסֵדand for a lossמֻעָטminimalלֹאnotחָשְׁשׁוּ.did they worryהָיוּIf there wereהַשַּׂקִּיםthe sacksגְּדוֹלִיםlargeוּמְלֵאִיםand filled withכְּלֵיvessels ofזְכוּכִיתglassוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶםof themפּוֹרֵקhe unloadsבְּנַחַת.gentlyוּמִכָּלand in anyמָקוֹםcaseלֹאnotיַנִּיחָןshall he leave themשָׁםthereעַלuponגַּבֵּיthe back ofבְּהֵמָהthe animalמִשּׁוּםbecause ofצַעַרthe pain ofבַּעֲלֵיlivingחַיִּים:creatures
This halacha details the permitted methods for unloading an animal's burden on Shabbos to prevent financial loss and avoid causing pain to the animal.
הל׳ יא
אִסּוּר מְעַמֵּר בְּפֵרוֹת וּבְמֶלַח בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 11 · The Prohibition of Collecting Fruits and Salt on Shabbos
הַמְדַבֵּקOne who pressesפֵּרוֹתfruitsעַדuntilשֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּthey becomeגּוּףbodyאֶחָדoneחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofמְעַמֵּר.collectingלְפִיכָךְThereforeמִיoneשֶׁנִּתְפַּזְּרוּwhoseלוֹto himפֵּרוֹתfruitsבַּחֲצֵרוֹin his courtyardמְלַקֵּטmay gatherעַלbyיָדhandעַלbyיָדhandוְאוֹכֵל.and eatאֲבָלbutלֹאnotיִתֵּןhe may placeלֹאnotלְתוֹךְintoהַסַּלthe basketוְלֹאand notלְתוֹךְintoהַקֻּפָּהthe containerכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחל.on a weekdayשֶׁאִםfor ifיַעֲשֶׂהhe doesכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayשֶׁמָּאperhapsיִכְבְּשֵׁםhe will press themבְּיָדוֹwith his handבְּתוֹךְinsideהַקֻּפָּהthe containerוְיָבֹאand comeלִידֵיto the hands ofעִמּוּר.collectingוְכֵןAnd similarlyאֵיןwe do notמְקַבְּצִיןgatherאֶת—הַמֶּלַחthe saltוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבּוֹto itמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁנִּרְאֶהit appearsכִּמְעַמֵּר:like collecting
This halacha defines the forbidden labor of collecting food (me'amer) and details the Rabbinic restrictions on gathering scattered produce or salt to prevent weekday-like activity.
הל׳ יב
אִסּוּר סְחִיטַת פֵּרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 12 · The Prohibition of Squeezing Fruits on Shabbos
מְפָרֵקOne who extractsחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofדָּשׁ.threshingוְהַסּוֹחֵטand one who squeezesזֵיתִיםolivesוַעֲנָבִיםand grapesחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofמְפָרֵק.extractingלְפִיכָךְThereforeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִסְחֹטto squeezeתּוּתִיםmulberriesוְרִמּוֹנִיםand pomegranatesהוֹאִילsinceוּמִקְצָת·בְּנֵיsomeאָדָםpeopleסוֹחֲטִיםsqueezeאוֹתָםthemכְּזֵיתִיםlike olivesוַעֲנָבִיםand grapesשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאone will comeלִסְחֹטto squeezeזֵיתִיםolivesוַעֲנָבִים.and grapesאֲבָלButשְׁאָרotherפֵּרוֹתfruitsכְּגוֹןsuch asפְּרִישִׁיןquincesוְתַפּוּחִיםand applesוְעוּזְרָדִיןand crab applesמֻתָּרit is permittedלְסָחֳטָןto squeeze themבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁאֵינָןthey are notבְּנֵיsubject toסְחִיטָה:squeezing
The Rambam explains the derivative of threshing as it applies to extracting juice from various fruits on Shabbos.
הל׳ יג
סְחִיטַת כְּבָשִׁין וּשְׁלָקוֹת וְרִסּוּק שֶׁלֶג וּמְלִילָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 13 · Squeezing Pickled Foods, Crushing Snow, and Completing Food Preparation on Shabbos
כְּבָשִׁיןPickled foodsוּשְׁלָקוֹתand cooked foodsשֶׁסְּחָטָן.that one squeezed themאִםifלְרַכֵּךְto softenגּוּפָןtheir bodyמֻתָּרit is permittedוְאִםand ifלְהוֹצִיאto extractמֵימֵיהֶןtheir liquidsאָסוּר.it is forbiddenוְאֵיןAnd we do notמְרַסְּקִיןcrushאֶת—הַשֶּׁלֶגthe snowשֶׁיָּזוּבוּso that will flowמֵימָיו.its waterאֲבָלbutמְרַסֵּקcrushהוּאhe mayלְתוֹךְintoהַקְּעָרָהthe bowlאוֹorלְתוֹךְintoהַכּוֹס.the cupהַשּׁוּםThe garlicוְהַבֹּסֶרand the unripe grapesוְהַמְּלִילוֹתand the unripe ears of grainשֶׁרִסְּקָןthat one crushed themמִבְּעוֹדwhile yetיוֹם.dayאִםifמְחֻסָּרִיןthey lackדִּיכָהpoundingאָסוּרit is forbiddenלוֹfor himלִגְמֹרto completeדִּיכָתָןtheir poundingבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosוְאִםand ifמְחֻסָּרִיןthey lackשְׁחִיקָהgrindingבַּיָּדby handמֻתָּרit is permittedלוֹfor himלִגְמֹרto completeשְׁחִיקָתָןtheir grindingבְּשַׁבָּת.on ShabbosלְפִיכָךְThereforeמֻתָּרit is permittedלִגְמֹרto completeשְׁחִיקַתthe grinding ofהָרִיפוֹתthe crushed grainבָּעֵץwith the wooden spoonהַפָּרוּרinsideבְּתוֹךְthe potהַקְּדֵרָהon Shabbosבְּשַׁבָּתafterאַחַרthat they removeשֶׁמּוֹרִידִיןitאוֹתָהּfrom uponמֵעַלthe fireהָאֵשׁ:—
This halacha delineates the boundaries of squeezing foods and crushing snow, as well as the permissible methods for completing food preparation on Shabbos.
הל׳ יד
מְלִילַת מְלִילוֹת וִירִיקַת חָלָב בְּשִׁנּוּי לְחוֹלֶהHalacha 14 · Rubbing Ears of Corn and Sucking Milk in an Abnormal Manner for One in Pain
הַמּוֹלֵלOne who rubsמְלִילוֹתears of cornמוֹלֵלrubsבְּשִׁנּוּיwith a changeכְּדֵיin orderשֶׁלֹּאthat notיֵרָאֶהit will appearכְּדָשׁ.like threshingהַיּוֹנֵקOne who sucksבְּפִיוwith his mouthפָּטוּר.is exemptוְאִםand ifהָיָהhe wasגּוֹנֵחַgroaningמֻתָּרit is permittedלוֹfor himלִינֹקto suckבְּפִיוwith his mouthמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat he isמְפָרֵקextractingכִּלְאַחַרin an backhandedיָדmannerוּמִשּׁוּםand because ofצַעֲרוֹhis painלֹאnotגָּזְרוּdid they decreeוְאַףand evenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁאֵיןthat there is notשָׁםthereסַכָּנָה:danger
This halacha discusses the permissibility of performing certain acts of extracting in an abnormal manner on Shabbos for a person experiencing pain.
הל׳ טו
דִּין מַשְׁקִין שֶׁזָּבוּ מִפֵּרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 15 · The Law of Liquids That Flowed from Fruits on Shabbos
פֵּרוֹתFruitsשֶׁזָּבוּthat flowedמֵהֶןfrom themמַשְׁקִיןliquidsבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosאִםifזֵיתִיםolivesוַעֲנָבִיםand grapesהֵןthey areאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִשְׁתּוֹתto drinkאוֹתָןthemהַמַּשְׁקִיןthe liquidsעַדuntilמוֹצָאֵיthe departure ofשַׁבָּתShabbosגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיִתְכַּוֵּןhe will intendוְיִסְחֹטand squeezeאוֹתָןthemבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosוְאִםand ifתּוּתִיםberriesוְרִמּוֹנִיםand pomegranatesהֵן.they areאִםifהִכְנִיסָןhe brought them inלַאֲכִילָהfor eatingמַשְׁקִיןliquidsשֶׁזָּבוּthat flowedמֵהֶןfrom themמֻתָּרִין.are permittedוְאִםand ifהִכְנִיסָןhe brought them inלְדָרְכָןto press themמַשְׁקִיןliquidsשֶׁזָּבוּthat flowedמֵהֶןfrom themאֲסוּרִיןare forbiddenעַדuntilמוֹצָאֵיthe departure ofשַׁבָּת:Shabbos
This halacha details the Rabbinic prohibition against drinking liquids that seeped out of fruits on Shabbos, depending on the type of fruit and the owner's intent.
הל׳ טז
מַשְׁקִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מִפֵּרוֹת שֶׁנִּתְרַסְּקוּ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּתHalacha 16 · Liquids Flowing on Shabbos from Fruits Crushed on Friday
זֵיתִיםOlivesוַעֲנָבִיםand grapesשֶׁרִסְּקָןthat one crushedמֵעֶרֶבfrom the eve ofשַׁבָּתShabbosוְיָצְאוּand went outמֵהֶןfrom themמַשְׁקִיןliquidsמֵעַצְמָןon their ownמֻתָּרִין.are permittedוְכֵןand likewiseחַלּוֹתcombs ofדְּבַשׁhoneyשֶׁרִסְּקָןthat one crushedמֵעֶרֶבfrom the eve ofשַׁבָּתShabbosמַשְׁקִיןliquidsהַיּוֹצְאִיןthat go outמֵהֶןfrom themבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמֻתָּרִין.are permittedשֶׁאֵיןfor there is notכָּאןhereמָקוֹםroomלִגְזֵרָהfor a decreeשֶׁכְּבָרsince alreadyרִסְּקָןone crushed themמִבָּעֶרֶב:from the evening
Liquids that flow on Shabbos from olives, grapes, or honeycombs that were already crushed before Shabbos are permitted because the concern of squeezing does not apply.
הל׳ יז
מְלָאכוֹת זוֹרֶה, בּוֹרֵר, וּמְרַקֵּד וְתוֹלְדוֹתֵיהֶן בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 17 · The Labors of Winnowing, Selecting, and Sifting and Their Derivatives on Shabbos
זוֹרֶהWinnowingוּבוֹרֵרand selectingמֵאֲבוֹתfrom the primaryמְלָאכוֹתlaborsהֵןare theyלְפִיכָךְThereforeאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁמֻּתָּרthat it is permittedלִמְללto rubמְלִילוֹתears of cornבְּרָאשֵׁיwith the tips ofאֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו.his fingersכְּשֶׁהוּאwhen heמְנַפֵּחַblowsמְנַפֵּחַhe must blowבְּיָדוֹwith his handאַחַתoneבְּכָלwith allכֹּחוֹ.his strengthאֲבָלbutלֹאnotבְּקָנוֹןwith a trayוְלֹאand notבְּתַמְחוּיwith a soup plateגְּזֵרָהas a decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיְנַפֶּהhe winnowבְּנָפָהwith a sieveוּבִכְבָרָהor with a sifterשֶׁהוּאwhich he isחַיָּב.liableוהַמְשַׁמֵּרAnd one who filtersשְׁמָרִיםdregsתּוֹלֶדֶתis a derivativeבּוֹרֵרof selectingאוֹorמְרַקֵּדof siftingהוּא.he isלְפִיכָךְThereforeאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁמֻּתָּרthat it is permittedלְסַנֵּןto strainיַיִןwineצָלוּלclearאוֹorמַיִםwaterצְלוּלִיןclearבְּסוּדָרִיןwith clothsאוֹorבִּכְפִיפָהwith a basketמִצְרִית.Egyptianלֹאnotיַעֲשֶׂהshall he makeגּוּמָאa hollowבַּסּוּדָרin the clothשֶׁלֹּאso thatיַעֲשֶׂהhe does not actכְּדֶרֶךְin the mannerשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayוְיָבֹאand comeלְשַׁמֵּרto filterבִּמְשַׁמֶּרֶת.with a strainerוְכֵןAnd likewiseאָסוּרit is forbiddenלִתְלוֹתto hangאֶת—הַמְשַׁמֶּרֶתthe strainerכְּדֶרֶךְin the mannerשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayשֶׁמָּאlestיָבֹאhe comeלְשַׁמֵּר.to filterוְכֵןAnd likewiseהַמְחַבֵּץone who curdles milkתּוֹלֶדֶתa derivativeבּוֹרֵרof selectingהוּא.he isלְפִיכָךְThereforeאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁנּוֹתְנִיןthat we may placeשֻׁמְשְׁמִיןsesame seedsוֶאֱגוֹזִיםand nutsלִדְבַשׁinto honeyלֹאnotיַחְבְּצֵםmay he knead them into a blockבְּיָדוֹ:with his hand
This halacha delineates the boundaries of winnowing, selecting, and sifting, detailing what is permitted for immediate consumption and what is forbidden as a derivative labor.
הל׳ יח
אִסּוּר טוֹחֵן בִּירָקוֹת וּמַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 18 · The Prohibition of Grinding Vegetables and Preparing Animal Food on Shabbos
הַמְחַתֵּךְOne who cutsאֶת—הָיָּרָקthe vegetableדַּקveryדַּקfineכְּדֵיin orderלְבַשְּׁלוֹto cook itהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisתּוֹלֶדֶתis a derivativeטוֹחֵןof grindingוְחַיָּב.and is liableלְפִיכָךְthereforeאֵיןwe do notמְרַסְּקִיןshredלֹאnotאֶת—הַשַּׁחַתthe young grainוְלֹאand notאֶת—הַחֲרוּבִיןthe carobsלִפְנֵיbeforeבְּהֵמָהan animalבֵּיןwhetherדַּקָּהfineבֵּיןwhetherגַּסָּהcoarseמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁנִּרְאֶהit appearsכְּטוֹחֵן.like grindingאֲבָלbutמְחַתְּכִיןwe may cutאֶת—הַדְּלוּעִיןthe gourdsלִפְנֵיbeforeהַבְּהֵמָהthe animalוְאֶתandהַנְּבֵלָהthe carcassלִפְנֵיbeforeהַכְּלָבִיםthe dogsשֶׁאֵיןfor there is noטְחִינָהgrindingבְּפֵרוֹת.regarding fruitוּמַתִּירִיןand we may untieאֲלֻמּוֹתbundlesשֶׁלofעָמִירstrawלִפְנֵיbeforeבְּהֵמָהan animalוּמְפַסְפֵסand one may spread outבְּיָדוֹwith his handאֲלֻמּוֹתbundlesקְטַנּוֹתsmallאֲבָלbutלֹאnotאֲלֻמּוֹתbundlesגְּדוֹלוֹתlargeמִפְּנֵיbecause ofהַטֹּרַחthe exertionשֶׁבָּהֶן:that is in them
This halacha defines the derivative of grinding as cutting vegetables finely for cooking, and outlines the restrictions on shredding or preparing food for animals on Shabbos.
הל׳ יט
אֲכִילַת חֲבִילֵי עֲשָׂבִים הַמְיוּעָדִים לִבְהֵמָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 19 · Partaking of Herb Bundles Stored for Animal Fodder on Shabbos
חֲבִילֵיBundles ofפֵּאָהsiahוְאֵזוֹבand ezovוְקוֹרָנִיתand kornitוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶןof themשֶׁהִכְנִיסָןthat he brought inלְמַאֲכַלfor food ofבְּהֵמָהan animalמִסְתַּפֵּקhe may partakeמֵהֶןfrom themוְקוֹטֵםand break offוְאוֹכֵלand eatבְּרָאשֵׁיwith the tips ofאֶצְבְּעוֹתָיוhis fingersאֲבָלbutלֹאnotבְּיָדוֹwith his handהַרְבֵּהa large amountשֶׁלֹּאso that notיַעֲשֶׂהhe will doכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחלon a weekdayוְיָבֹאand comeלָדוּק:to crush
This halacha discusses the permissible manner of breaking off and eating edible herbs from bundles that were originally brought in as animal food, ensuring one does not perform the weekday method of crushing them.
הל׳ כ
שִׁנּוּי בִּכְתִישַׁת תַּבְלִינִין וּגְזֵרַת שְׁחִיקַת סַמְמָנִיןHalacha 20 · Crushing Spices with a Deviation and the Decree Against Taking Medicine on Shabbos
הַצָּרִיךְOne who needsלָדוּקto crushפִּלְפְּלִיםpeppersוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶןof themלִתֵּןto putלְתוֹךְintoהַמַּאֲכָלthe foodבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosהֲרֵיbeholdזֶהthisכּוֹתֵשׁone crushesבְּיַדwith the handle ofהַסַּכִּיןthe knifeוּבַקְּעָרָהand in the bowlאֲבָלbutלֹאnotבְּמַכְתֶּשֶׁתwith a mortarמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat he isטוֹחֵן.grindingלְפִיכָךְthereforeאָסוּרit is forbiddenלַבָּרִיאfor a healthy personלְהִתְרַפְּאוֹתto heal himselfבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosגְּזֵרָהa decreeשֶׁמָּאlestיִשְׁחֹקhe will grindהַסַּמְמָנִין:the herbs
This halacha explains that while one may crush spices on Shabbos using an unusual method like a knife handle, standard grinding is forbidden, which is the basis for the Rabbinic decree prohibiting a healthy person from taking medicine on Shabbos.
הל׳ כא
אִסּוּר אֲכִילַת וּשְׁתִיַּת מַאֲכָלֵי רְפוּאָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 21 · The Prohibition of Eating and Drinking Medicinal Foods on Shabbos
כֵּיצַד.Howלֹאnotיֹאכַלshall eatדְּבָרִיםthingsשֶׁאֵינָןthat are notמַאֲכַלfood ofבְּרִיאִיםhealthy peopleכְּגוֹןsuch asאֱזוֹבְיוֹןhyssopוּפֵיאָה.and piahוְלֹאand notדְּבָרִיםthingsהַמְשַׁלְשְׁלִיםthat cause diarrheaכְּגוֹןsuch asלַעֲנָהwormwoodוְכַיּוֹצֵאand the likeבָּהֶם.in themוְכֵןand soלֹאnotיִשְׁתֶּהshall drinkדְּבָרִיםthingsשֶׁאֵיןthat are notדֶּרֶךְthe way ofהַבְּרִיאִיםthe healthy peopleלִשְׁתּוֹתָןto drink themכְּגוֹןsuch asמַיִםwaterשֶׁבִּשְּׁלוּthat they cookedבָּהֶןin themסַמְמָנִיןmedicinal herbsוַעֲשָׂבִים:and grasses
This halacha defines what constitutes medicinal eating and drinking, which is Rabbinically forbidden on Shabbos for a person who is not bedridden.
הל׳ כב
אֲכִילַת מַאֲכַל בְּרִיאִים לִרְפוּאָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 22 · Eating Foods of Healthy People for Healing on Shabbos
אוֹכֵלMay eatאָדָםa personאֳכָלִיןfoodsוּמַשְׁקִיןand drinksשֶׁדֶּרֶךְthat the way ofהַבְּרִיאִיםhealthy peopleלְאָכְלָןis to eat themוְלִשְׁתּוֹתָןand to drink themכְּגוֹןsuch asהַכֻּסְבָּרָאcorianderוְהַכְּשׁוּתand hopsוְהָאֵזוֹבand hyssopאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁהֵןtheyמְרַפְּאִיןhealוְאוֹכְלָןand he eats themכְּדֵיin orderלְהִתְרַפְּאוֹתto be healedבָּהֶםby themמֻתָּרit is permittedהוֹאִילsinceוְהֵםthey areמַאֲכַלfood ofבְּרִיאִים.healthy peopleשָׁתָהIf one drankחִלְתִּיתchiltitמִקֹּדֶםfrom beforeהַשַּׁבָּתthe Shabbosוַהֲרֵיand beholdהוּאheשׁוֹתֶהdrinksוְהוֹלֵךְand continuesמֻתָּרit is permittedלִשְׁתּוֹתוֹto drink itבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosאֲפִלּוּevenבִּמְקוֹמוֹתin placesשֶׁלֹּאwhere notנָהֲגוּaccustomedהַבְּרִיאִיםhealthy peopleלִשְׁתּוֹתto drinkהַחִלְתִּית.chiltitוְשׁוֹתִיןAnd they may drinkזֵיתוֹםEgyptian beerהַמִּצְרִי·בְּכָלin everyמָקוֹם:place
This halacha teaches that foods and drinks normally consumed by healthy people may be consumed on Shabbos even for medicinal purposes.
הל׳ כג
סִיכָה בִּשְׁמָנִים וּרְפוּאַת מַכָּה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 23 · Anointing with Oils and Healing a Wound on Shabbos
וְכֵןAnd soשְׁמָנִיםoilsשֶׁדֶּרֶךְthat it is the way ofהַבְּרִיאִיםhealthy peopleלָסוּךְto anointבָּהֶןwith themמֻתָּרit is permittedלָסוּךְto anointבָּהֶןwith themבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosוְאַףand evenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּןhe intendedלִרְפוּאָה.for healingוְשֶׁאֵיןbut those thatהַבְּרִיאִיםhealthy peopleסָכִיןdo not anointבָּהֶןwith themאֲסוּרִין.are forbiddenהַחוֹשֵׁשׁOne who feels painבְּמָתְנָיוin his loinsלֹאshall notיָסוּךְanointיַיִןwineוְחֹמֶץand vinegarאֲבָלbutסָךְanointsהוּאheאֶת—הַשֶּׁמֶן.oilוְלֹאbut notשֶׁמֶןroseוֶרֶדoilאֶלָּאexceptבְּמָקוֹםin a placeשֶׁהַבְּרִיאִיםwhere healthy peopleסָכִיןanointאוֹתוֹ.with itוּמֻתָּרAnd it is permittedלָסוּךְto anointשֶׁמֶןoilוּמֶלַחand saltבְּכָלin everyמָקוֹם.placeנִגְּפָהIf bruised wasיָדוֹhis handאוֹorרַגְלוֹhis footצוֹמְתָהּhe may bathe itבְּיַיִןin wineוְאֵינוֹbut he may notצוֹמְתָהּbathe itבְּחֹמֶץ.in vinegarוְאִםand ifהָיָהhe wasעָנֹגdelicateאַףevenבְּיַיִןin wineאָסוּר:it is forbidden
This halacha details which oils and liquids may be applied to the body on Shabbos for therapeutic purposes, depending on whether healthy people commonly use them.
הל׳ כד
אִסּוּר רְפוּאָה בְּשַׁבָּת בְּמַאֲכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִיןHalacha 24 · The Prohibition of Taking Medicines on Shabbos Through Foods and Drinks
הַחוֹשֵׁשׁOne who feels discomfortבְּשִׁנָּיוin his teethלֹאnotיִגְמַעmay sipבָּהֶןwith themאֶת—הַחֹמֶץvinegarוְיִפְלֹטand spit it outאֲבָלbutמְגַמֵּעַsipsהוּאheוּבוֹלֵעַ.and swallowsהַחוֹשֵׁשׁOne who feels discomfortבִּגְרוֹנוֹin his throatלֹאnotיְעַרְעֶנּוּmay gargleבְּשֶׁמֶןwith oilאֲבָלbutבּוֹלֵעַswallowsהוּאheשֶׁמֶןoilהַרְבֵּהin large amountsוְאִםand ifנִתְרַפֵּאhe is curedנִתְרַפֵּא.he is curedאֵיןWe do notלוֹעֲסִיןchewאֶת—הַמַּסְטְכִיgumוְאֵיןand we do notשָׁפִיןrubאֶת—הַשִּׁנַּיִםthe teethבְּסַםwith medicineבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosבִּזְמַןwhenשֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּןhe intendsלִרְפוּאָה.for healingוְאִםbut ifנִתְכַּוֵּןhe intendsלְרֵיחַfor fragrance ofהַפֶּהthe mouthמֻתָּר:it is permitted
This halacha details the Rabbinic prohibition of taking remedies on Shabbos, distinguishing between actions that appear medicinal and those that are done in the manner of normal eating and drinking.
הל׳ כה
רְפוּאַת הָעַיִן וַחֲבִישַׁת אֶצְבַּע בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 25 · Healing the Eye and Bandaging a Finger on Shabbos
אֵיןOne may notנוֹתְנִיןplaceיַיִןwineלְתוֹךְintoהָעַיִןthe eyeאֲבָלbutנוֹתֵןplacesהוּאheעַלuponגַּבthe back ofהָעַיִן.the eyeוְרֹקand salivaתָּפֵלtastelessאֲפִלּוּevenעַלuponגַּבthe back ofהָעַיִןthe eyeאָסוּר.is forbiddenקִילוֹרAn eye salveשֶׁשָּׁרָהthat he soakedאוֹתוֹ—מֵעֶרֶבfrom the eve ofשַׁבָּתShabbosמַעֲבִירוֹhe may pass itעַלuponגַּבthe back ofעֵינוֹhis eyeבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosוְאֵינוֹand he need notחוֹשֵׁשׁ.worryמִיOneשֶׁלָּקָהwho was injuredבְּאֶצְבָּעוֹin his fingerלֹאshall notיִכְרֹךְwrapעָלָיוupon itגֶּמִיa reedכְּדֵיin orderלְרַפְּאוֹתוֹto heal itוְלֹאand shall notיִדְחָקֶנּוּsqueeze itבְּיָדוֹwith his handכְּדֵיin orderלְהוֹצִיאto extractמִמֶּנּוּfrom itדָּם:blood
This halacha details the Rabbinic restrictions on applying eye remedies and treating minor finger wounds on Shabbos.
הל׳ כו
אִסּוּר נְתִינַת חַמִּין וְשֶׁמֶן עַל הַמַּכָּה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 26 · Prohibition of Placing Hot Water and Oil on a Wound on Shabbos
אֵיןWe do notנוֹתְנִיןplaceחַמִּיןhot waterוְשֶׁמֶןand oilעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofהַמַּכָּה.the woundוְלֹאand notעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofמוֹךְa wad of fabricשֶׁעַלthat is onגַּבֵּיtop ofהַמַּכָּה.the woundוְלֹאand notעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofמוֹךְa wad of fabricלִתְּנוֹto place itעַלonהַמַּכָּהthe woundבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosאֲבָלbutנוֹתֵןplacesהוּאheחוּץoutsideלַמַּכָּהto the woundוְשׁוֹתֵתand it flowsוְיוֹרֵדand goes downלַמַּכָּה.to the woundוְנוֹתְנִיןand we may placeמוֹךְa wad of fabricיָבֵשׁdryעַלonגַּבֵּיtop ofהַמַּכָּה.the woundוְאִםand ifהָיָהit wasעַתִּיקoldאָסוּרit is forbiddenמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat it isכִּרְטִיָּה:like a bandage
This halacha details the restrictions on applying liquids and fabrics to a wound on Shabbos due to the prohibition of healing.
הל׳ כז
הַחְזָרַת רְטִיָּה וּשְׁבוּת בַּמִּקְדָּשׁHalacha 27 · Returning a Bandage on Shabbos and Shvut in the Temple
רְטִיָּהA bandageשֶׁפָּרְשָׁהthat detachedעַלuponגַּבֵּי·כְּלִיa utensilמַחְזִירִיןwe may returnאוֹתָהּ.itוְאִםand ifפָּרְשָׁהit detachedעַלuponגַּבֵּי·קַרְקַעthe groundאָסוּרit is forbiddenלְהַחֲזִירָהּ.to return itוּמַנִּיחִיןand we may placeרְטִיָּהa bandageעַלuponגַּבֵּי·הַמַּכָּהthe woundלְכַתְּחִלָּהinitiallyבַּמִּקְדָּשׁin the Templeשֶׁאֵיןfor there is noאִסּוּרprohibition ofשְׁבוּתshvutבַּמִּקְדָּשׁ.in the Templeוּבְכָלand in everyמָקוֹםplaceמְקַנְּחִיןwe may wipeפִּיthe opening ofהַמַּכָּהthe woundוְאֵיןbut we may notמְקַנְּחִיןwipeאֶת—הָרְטִיָּהthe bandageשֶׁמָּאlestיְמָרֵחַ:one will smear
This halacha discusses the Rabbinic restrictions on applying and cleaning bandages on Shabbos, and how these rules are waived in the Beis HaMikdash.
הל׳ כח
אִסּוּר הִתְעַמְּלוּת וּרְפוּאָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 28 · The Prohibition of Exercising and Therapeutic Massages on Shabbos
סָכִיןone may smearוּמְמַשְׁמְשִׁיןand massageבִּבְנֵיthe internalמֵעַיִםorgansבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosוְהוּאand that isשֶׁיָּסוּךְprovided that he smearsוִימַשְׁמֵשׁand massagesבְּבַתat timeאַחַתoneכְּדֵיin orderשֶׁלֹּאthat notיַעֲשֶׂהhe will doכְּדֶרֶךְlike the wayשֶׁהוּאthat heעוֹשֶׂהdoesבְּחל.on a weekdayוְאֵיןand one may notמִתְעַמְּלִיןexerciseבְּשַׁבָּת.on Shabbosאֵיwhichזֶהthisהוּאisמִתְעַמֵּלexercisingזֶהthis isשֶׁדּוֹרְסִיםwhen they treadעַלuponגּוּפוֹhis bodyבְּכֹחַwith forceעַדuntilשֶׁיִּיגַעhe becomes wearyוְיַזִּיעַand perspiresאוֹorשֶׁיְּהַלֵּךְthat he walksעַדuntilשֶׁיִּיגַעhe becomes wearyוְיַזִּיעַ.and perspiresשֶׁאָסוּרfor it is forbiddenלְיַגֵּעַto wearyאֶת—עַצְמוֹoneselfכְּדֵיin orderשֶׁיַּזִּיעַthat he perspiresבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהִיאthat it isרְפוּאָה.healingוְכֵןand likewiseאָסוּרit is forbiddenלַעֲמֹדto standבְּקַרְקַעon the ground ofדִּימוֹסִיתDimositשֶׁבְּאֶרֶץwhich is in EretzיִשְׂרָאֵלYisraelמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁמְּעַמֶּלֶתthat it causes exerciseוּמְרַפֵּאת:and heals
This halacha outlines the restrictions on physical exercise, sweating, and therapeutic massages on Shabbos to prevent weekday-like activities and medical treatments.
הל׳ כט
אִסּוּר רְחִיצָה בְּמַיִם הַמִּצְטַעֲרִים בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 29 · Prohibition of Washing in Discomforting Waters on Shabbos
אֵיןOne may notרוֹחֲצִיןwashבְּמַיִםin waterשֶׁמְּשַׁלְשְׁלִיןthat causes diarrheaוְלֹאand notבְּטִיטin mudשֶׁטּוֹבְעִיןthat sinksבּוֹin itוְלֹאand notבְּמֵיin water ofמִשְׁרָהsoakingהַבְּאוּשִׁיםthat is foulוְלֹאand notבְּיָםin the Sea ofסְדוֹםSodomוְלֹאand notבַּמַּיִםin the waterהָרָעִיםbadשֶׁבַּיָּםthat is in the SeaהַגָּדוֹלGreatמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁכָּלthat all ofאֵלּוּtheseצַעַרpainהֵןthey areוְכָתוּבand it is writtenישעיהYeshayahuנח58יג13"וְקָרָאתָand you shall callלַשַּׁבָּתthe Shabbosעֹנֶג".a delightלְפִיכָךְthereforeאִםifלֹאnotנִשְׁתַּהָהhe lingeredבָּהֶםin themאֶלָּאbutעָלָהcame upמִיָּדimmediatelyאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁיֵּשׁthat there areלוֹto himחֲטָטִיןsoresבְּרֹאשׁוֹon his headמֻתָּר:it is permitted
This halacha prohibits bathing in waters that cause physical discomfort on Shabbos, as it violates the positive commandment of enjoying the holy day.
הל׳ ל
גֵּרוּד הַגּוּף וּרְפוּאַת בְּהֵמָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 30 · Scraping the Skin and Treating Ailing Animals on Shabbos
אֵיןWe do notמִתְגָּרְדִּיןscrapeבְּמִגְרֶדֶתwith a scraperוְאִםand ifהָיוּwereיָדָיוhis handsמְלֻכְלָכוֹתsoiledבְּצוֹאָהwith fecesאוֹorבְּטִיטwith mudגּוֹרֵדhe may scrapeכְּדַרְכּוֹin his usual mannerוְאֵינוֹand he does notחוֹשֵׁשׁ.worryסָכִיןWe may anointוּמְפָרְכִיןand rubלְאָדָםfor a humanלְעַנֵּגfor pleasureאֲבָלbutלֹאnotלִבְהֵמָה.for an animalוְאִםand ifהָיָהthere wasלָהּto itצַעַרpainמֻתָּרit is permittedלְהָסִירto removeצַעֲרָהּits painבְּסִיכָהwith anointingוּפֵרוּךְ.and rubbingבְּהֵמָהAn animalשֶׁאָכְלָהthat ateכַּרְשִׁינִיןvetchהַרְבֵּהmuchמְרִיצִיןwe runאוֹתָהּitבֶּחָצֵרin the courtyardבִּשְׁבִילin orderשֶׁתִּתְרַפֵּא.that it will healוְאִםand ifאָחֲזָהּseized itדָּםbloodמַעֲמִידִיןwe standאוֹתָהּitבְּמַיִםin waterבִּשְׁבִילin orderשֶׁתִּצְטַנֵּןthat it will coolוְאֵיןand we do notחוֹשְׁשִׁיןworryשֶׁמָּאlestיִשְׁחַקhe will grindלָהּfor itסַמָּנִין:herbs
This halacha details the Rabbinic restrictions on scraping the skin with a utensil, and the permissions granted to relieve an animal's pain or illness on Shabbos.
הל׳ לא
רְפוּאָה בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִשּׁוּם שְׁחִיקַת סַמָּנִיןHalacha 31 · Permitted and Forbidden Therapeutic Actions on Shabbos and the Decree Against Crushing Herbs
אֵיןOne may notמְקִיאִיןcause to vomitאֶת—הָאֹכֶלthe foodבְּשַׁבָּת.on ShabbosבַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבְּסַםwith a drugשֶׁמָּאlestיִשְׁחַקhe will crushסַמָּנִיןherbsאֲבָלbutלְהַכְנִיסto insertיָדוֹhis handלְתוֹךְintoפִּיוhis mouthוּלְהָקִיאand to vomitמֻתָּר.is permittedוְאָסוּרAnd it is forbiddenלִדְחֹקto pressכְּרֵסוֹthe stomachשֶׁלofתִּינוֹקan infantכְּדֵיin orderלְהוֹצִיאto bring outהָרְעִיhis wasteשֶׁלּוֹhisשֶׁמָּאlestיָבֹאhe will comeלְהַשְׁקוֹתוֹto give him to drinkסַמָּנִיןherbsהַמְשַׁלְשְׁלִין.that laxוּמֻתָּרAnd it is permittedלִכְפּוֹתto placeכּוֹסa cupעַלoverהַטַּבּוּרthe navelבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosכְּדֵיin orderלְהַעֲלוֹתוֹ.to raise itוְכֵןAnd likewiseמֻתָּרit is permittedלֵיחֲנֵקto support the neckוּלְלַפֵּףand to wrapאֶת—הַקָּטָןthe childוּלְהַעֲלוֹתand to lift upאָזְנַיִםearsבֵּיןwhetherבְּיָדby handבֵּיןwhetherבִּכְלִי.with an instrumentוּלְהַעֲלוֹתand to lift upאֻנְקְּלִי.the chest cartilageשֶׁכָּלfor allאֵלּוּtheseוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבָּהֶןto themאֵיןone does notעוֹשִׂיןdoאוֹתָןthemבְּסַמָּנִיןwith herbsכְּדֵיin orderלָחוּשׁto fearלִשְׁחִיקָהfor crushingוְיֵשׁand there isלוֹto himצַעַרpainמֵהֶן:from them
This halacha delineates which physical therapies are permitted on Shabbos because they do not involve the use of medicinal herbs, and which are forbidden due to the Rabbinic decree against crushing ingredients.
הל׳ לב
אִסּוּר הַרְקָדַת תֶּבֶן בִּכְבָרָה בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 32 · The Prohibition of Sifting Straw with a Sieve on Shabbos
הַמְרַקֵּדSiftingמֵאֲבוֹתis from the primary categoriesמְלָאכוֹת.of melachosלְפִיכָךְThereforeאֵיןwe do notכּוֹבְרִיןsiftאֶת—הַתֶּבֶןthe strawבִּכְבָרָהin a sieveוְלֹאand notיַנִּיחַshall one placeהַכְּבָרָהthe sieveשֶׁיֵּשׁthat hasבָּהּin itתֶּבֶןstrawבְּמָקוֹםin a placeגָּבוֹהַּhighבִּשְׁבִילin orderשֶׁיֵּרֵדthat will fallהַמֹּץthe chaffמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁהוּאthat it isכִּמְרַקֵּד.like siftingאֲבָלButנוֹטֵלone may takeהַתֶּבֶןthe strawבַּכְּבָרָהin the sieveוּמוֹלִיךְand bring itלָאֵבוּסto the troughאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁיֵּרֵדthat will fallהַמֹּץthe chaffבִּשְׁעַתat the time ofהוֹלָכָהcarryingשֶׁהֲרֵיsinceאֵינוֹhe does notמִתְכַּוֵּןintendלְכָךְ:for this
This halacha discusses the prohibition of sifting straw and the permissibility of carrying it in a sieve when there is no intent to sift.
הל׳ לג
אִסּוּר לִישָׁה בְּשַׁבָּת וְדִינֵי קֶמַח קָלִי וְשָׁתִיתHalacha 33 · The Prohibition of Kneading on Shabbos and the Laws of Roasted Flour and Shatit
מְגַבֵּלOne who mixesחַיָּבis liableמִשּׁוּםbecause ofלָשׁ.kneadingלְפִיכָךְThereforeאֵיןwe do notמְגַבְּלִיןmixקֶמַחflourקָלִיroastedהַרְבֵּהmuchשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאhe will comeלָלוּשׁto kneadקֶמַחflourשֶׁאֵינוֹthat is notקָלִי.roastedוּמֻתָּרand it is permittedלְגַבֵּלto mixאֶת—הַקָּלִיthe roastedמְעַטlittleמְעַט.by littleאֲבָלButתְּבוּאָהgrainשֶׁלֹּאthat did notהֵבִיאָהreachשְׁלִישׁa thirdשֶׁקָּלוּthat they roastedאוֹתָהּitוְאַחַרand afterכָּךְthatטָחֲנוּthey groundאוֹתָהּitטְחִינָהgrindingגַּסָּהcoarseשֶׁהֲרֵיfor beholdהוּאitכְּחוֹלis like sandוְהִיאand itהַנִּקְרֵאתis calledשָׁתִיתshatitמֻתָּרit is permittedלְגַבֵּלto mixמִמֶּנָּהfrom itבְּחֹמֶץwith vinegarוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבּוֹto itהַרְבֵּהmuchבְּבַתat onceאַחַת.oneוְהוּאand this isשֶׁיִּהְיֶהprovided that it isרַךְsoftאֲבָלbutקָשֶׁהthickאָסוּרis forbiddenמִפְּנֵיbecauseשֶׁנִּרְאֶהit appearsכְּלָשׁlike kneadingוְצָרִיךְand one mustלְשַׁנּוֹת.deviateכֵּיצַד.Howנוֹתֵןhe puts inאֶת—הַשָּׁתִיתthe shatitוְאַחַרand afterכָּךְthatנוֹתֵןhe puts inאֶת—הַחֹמֶץ:the vinegar
This halacha details the Rabbinic restrictions on mixing roasted flour and shatit with liquids on Shabbos to prevent one from performing the forbidden melacha of kneading.
הל׳ לד
דִּין גִּבּוּל מֻרְסָן בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 34 · The Laws of Mixing Bran with Water on Shabbos
הַמֻּרְסָןThe branאַףevenעַל·פִּיthoughשֶׁאֵינוֹthat it is notרָאוּיfitלְגִבּוּלfor kneadingאֵיןwe do notגּוֹבְלִיןkneadאוֹתוֹitשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאone will comeלְגַבֵּלto kneadהֶעָפָרthe dustוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבּוֹ.to itוְנוֹתְנִיןbut we may placeמַיִםwaterעַלuponגַּבֵּיthe top ofמֻרְסָןbranוּמוֹלִיךְand one may moveבּוֹin itהַתַּרְוָדthe spoonשְׁתִיwarpוָעֵרֶב.and woofאֲבָלbutאֵינוֹone may notמְמָרֵסstirבְּיָדוֹwith his handשֶׁלֹּאso that notיֵרָאֶהit will appearכְּלָשׁ.like one who kneadsאִםifלֹאit did notנִתְעָרֵבmixמְנַעֲרוֹone may shake itמִכְּלִיfrom vesselלִכְלִיto vesselעַדuntilשֶׁיִּתְעָרֵבthat it mixesוְנוֹתֵןand giveלִפְנֵיbeforeהַתַּרְנְגוֹלִיןthe chickensאוֹorלִפְנֵיbeforeהַשְּׁוָרִים.the oxenוּמֻתָּרand it is permittedלְעָרֵבto mixהַמֻּרְסָןthe branעַלinדֶּרֶךְmannerזוֹthisבִּכְלִיin vesselאֶחָדoneוּמְחַלֵּקand divideאוֹתוֹitבְּכֵלִיםinto vesselsהַרְבֵּהmanyוְנוֹתֵןand giveלִפְנֵיbeforeכָּלeachבְּהֵמָהanimalוּבְהֵמָהand animalוּמְעָרֵבand one may mixבִּכְלִיin vesselאֶחָדoneאֲפִלּוּevenכּוֹרa korוַאֲפִלּוּand evenכּוֹרָיִים:two korim
This halacha details the Rabbinic restrictions on mixing bran with water on Shabbos to prevent one from kneading earth or other substances.
הל׳ לה
אִסּוּר הַלְעָטַת בְּהֵמָה וְעוֹף בְּשַׁבָּתHalacha 35 · The Prohibition of Force-Feeding Animals and Fowl on Shabbos
אֵיןWe do notמַאֲכִילִיןfeedבְּהֵמָהa domesticated animalחַיָּהa beastוְעוֹףor fowlבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosכְּדֶרֶךְin the mannerשֶׁהוּאthat heמַאֲכִילfeedsבְּחלon a weekdayשֶׁמָּאlestיָבוֹאhe will comeלִידֵיtoכְּתִישַׁתcrushingקִטְנִיּוֹתbeansאוֹorלִידֵיtoלִישַׁתkneadingקֶמַחflourוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבּוֹ.to itכֵּיצַד.How soלֹאOne may notיַאֲכִילfeedהַגָּמָלthe camelבְּשַׁבָּתon Shabbosמַאֲכַלfood ofשְׁלֹשָׁהthreeאוֹorאַרְבָּעָהfourיָמִיםdaysוְלֹאand one may notיַרְבִּיץthrow downעֵגֶלa calfוְכַיּוֹצֵאand similarבּוֹto itוְיִפְתַּחand openפִּיוits mouthוְיִתֵּןand placeלְתוֹכוֹinto itכַּרְשִׁינִיןvetchוּמַיִםand waterבְּבַתatאַחַת.onceוְכֵןAnd similarlyלֹאone may notיִתֵּןplaceלְתוֹךְintoפִּיthe mouth ofיוֹנִיםdovesוְתַרְנְגוֹלִיםand chickensלְמָקוֹםto a placeשֶׁאֵינָןthat they are notיְכוֹלִיןableלְהַחֲזִיר.to spit backאֲבָלButמַאֲכִילfeedהוּאhe mayאֶת—הַבְּהֵמָהthe animalמְעֵמָּדwhile standingוּמַשְׁקֶהand waterאוֹתָהּitמְעֻמָּדwhile standingאוֹorנוֹתֵןplaceלְתוֹךְintoפִּיהָits mouthמַיִםwaterבִּפְנֵיbyעַצְמָןthemselvesוְכַרְשִׁינִיןand vetchבִּפְנֵיbyעַצְמָןthemselvesבְּמָקוֹםin a placeשֶׁיְּכוֹלָהthat it is ableלְהַחֲזִיר.to spit backוְכֵןAnd similarlyמַאֲכִילone may feedהָעוֹףthe fowlבְּיָדוֹby his handבְּמָקוֹםin a placeשֶׁיָּכוֹלthat it is ableלְהַחֲזִירto spit backוְאֵיןand there is noצָרִיךְneedלוֹמַרto sayשֶׁיִּתֵּןthat he may placeלִפְנֵיהֶןbefore themוְהֵןand theyאוֹכְלִין:eat
This halacha details the restrictions on how one may feed animals on Shabbos to prevent activities like kneading or crushing food.
הל׳ לו
הַאֲכָלַת בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים בְּשַׁבָּת וּבְיוֹם טוֹבHalacha 36 · Feeding Animals on Shabbos and Yom Tov
בַּמֶּהIn whatדְּבָרִיםwordsאֲמוּרִיםare saidבְּמִיregarding oneשֶׁמְּזוֹנוֹתָיוwhose sustenanceעָלָיוis upon himכְּגוֹןfor exampleבְּהֶמְתּוֹhis animalוְחַיָּתוֹand his beastוְיוֹנֵיand doves ofהַבַּיִתthe houseוַאֲוָזִיןand geeseוְתַרְנְגוֹלִין.and chickensאֲבָלbutמִיoneשֶׁאֵיןwhose notמְזוֹנוֹתָיוsustenanceעָלָיוis upon himכְּגוֹןfor exampleחֲזִירa pigוְיוֹנֵיand doves ofשׁוֹבָךְa dovecoteוּדְבוֹרִיםand beesלֹאnotיִתֵּןshall he placeלִפְנֵיהֶםbefore themלֹאneitherמָזוֹןfoodוְלֹאnorמַיִם.waterוּמֻתָּרand it is permittedלְאָדָםfor a personלְהַעֲמִידto standבְּהֶמְתּוֹhis animalעַלuponגַּבֵּי·עֲשָׂבִיםgrassesמְחֻבָּרִיםattachedוְהִיאand itאוֹכֶלֶת.eatsאֲבָלbutלֹאnotיַעֲמִידshall he standאוֹתָהּitעַלuponגַּבֵּי·דָּבָרsomethingשֶׁהֻקְצָהthat was set asideאֲבָלbutעוֹמֵדhe may standבְּפָנֶיהָbefore itכְּדֵיin orderשֶׁתַּחֲזִירthat it will turnפָּנֶיהָits faceלַדָּבָרto the thingהַמֻּקְצֶהset asideוְתֹאכַלand eatמִמֶּנּוּ.from itוְכֵןand soבְּיוֹםon Yomטוֹב:Tov
This halacha delineates which animals one is permitted to feed on Shabbos and Yom Tov, and the restrictions regarding leading an animal to muktzah food.
Chapter Summaryסִכּוּם
The chapter begins by establishing the Torah source for sh'vut and then details the specific Rabbinic decrees enacted to prevent plowing, sowing, and reaping. To prevent leveling crevices in the ground, the Sages restricted clearing out storerooms, sweeping unpaved floors, playing with nuts on the ground, and wiping mud or spittle in certain ways. To guard against sowing, they forbade drawing water with a pulley lest one water his garden. Finally, to prevent reaping, they prohibited removing honey from a beehive, climbing trees, or suspending items from them.
לְמַעֲשֶׂהWhat To Take Home
The Torah commands us, "Tishbos"—you must rest, even from activities that are not technically forbidden labors. Our Sages, in their deep wisdom, built fences around the holy day of Shabbos, forbidding everyday actions like sweeping an unpaved floor, playing games on the ground, or drawing water with a pulley, simply because they might lead us to plow, sow, or harvest. They understood that the human mind easily slips back into its weekday habits. To truly rest, we must create a psychological distance between the holy and the mundane.
This is a profound lesson in how we guard our spiritual achievements. If you want to protect your yiras Shamayim, your shalom bayis, or your personal integrity, you cannot walk right up to the edge of the cliff. You need to make your own "shvut"—your own boundaries. If you know a certain conversation leads to lashon hara, or a certain environment challenges your kedushah, you don't just try to avoid the sin itself; you stay away from the path that leads there entirely.
Even when we must do something necessary on Shabbos, like relieving an animal's pain or spreading straw on a muddy courtyard, the Sages tell us to do it differently than we do during the week. This constant mindfulness is the essence of our avodah. By changing our routine, we keep our minds focused on the presence of Hashem, ensuring that even our physical actions are elevated and holy.
Today, identify one area in your life where you are cutting it too close to a spiritual hazard, and establish a practical "fence"—a personal boundary—to keep yourself safely away from the struggle.